You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Ethnic group))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2020))
((More citations needed|date=November 2008))
[[File:Baggara belt.png|thumb|right|300px|Baggara belt]]
The '''Messiria''' (((Lang-ar|المسيرية))), known also under the name of '''Misseriya Arabs''', are a branch of the [[Baggara]] ethnic grouping of [[Arabs|Arab]] tribes.<ref name="Adam">Adam, Biraima M. 2012.  Baggara of Sudan: Culture and Environment, Amazon online Books. [https://www.createspace.com/3937136 ''Baggara of Sudan: Culture and Environment'']</ref> Their language is [[Sudanese Arabic]]. Numbering over one million, the [[Baggara]] are the second largest ethnic group in Western Sudan, extending into Eastern Chad. They are primarily nomadic cattle herders and their journeys are dependent upon the seasons of the year. The use of the term Baggara carries negative connotations as slave raiders, so they prefer to be called instead Messiria.

== Geography of Messiria Country (Dar Al Messiria) ==
[[File:Baggara in kordofan.jpg|thumb|right|300px| This photo was taken during the early 20th century but could equally well be modern.  The [[Baggara]] in general and the Messiria in particular still frequently travel on [[ox]]-back.]]((citation needed|date=September 2023))

The term ''Dar'' means land or location.  The word ''Al'' or ''al'' and sometimes ''El'' or ''el'' corresponds to the definite article ''The'' in English.  The term ''Dar Al Messiria'' means ''the land or location of the Messiria''.  According to Ian Cunnison 1966,<ref name="IAN">Ian Cunnison, 1966, Baggara Arabs, Power and the lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pages: 1–3</ref> the Arab nomads of the [[Sudan]] and [[Chad]] republics are of two kinds: camelmen (called '''[[Abbala]]''') and cattlemen (called '''[[Baggara]]''').<ref>Richard Crockett. 2010.Yale University Press. Sudan. Darfur and the failure of an African state.((ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8))</ref> the Term '''[[Baggara]]''' means simply '''cowman''' but the Sudanese apply the word particularly to the nomadic cattlemen, who span the belt of savanna between [[Lake Chad]] and the [[White Nile]].  This belt of territory has. been the homeland of the Baggara people for centuries. Ian Cunnison, referenced above said "History and environment together throw light on their distribution".  In Sudan, while the [[Abbala]] live in the semi-desert part of the region: northern [[Kordofan]] and [[Darfur]], the [[Baggara]], by contrast, live on their southern fringes; occupying the area roughly south of [[12th parallel north|12 degrees north]] and extending well into flood basins of the White Nile to the south.

In general the Dar Al Messiria or their zones can be divided into three areas:<br> 
1.1. Dar Al Messiria in [[Kordofan]], Sudan.<br>
1.2. Dar Al Messiria in [[Darfur]], Sudan.<br>
1.3. Dar Al Messiria in [[Chad]].

The Messiria in the three different zones have been separated for so long that they have developed localized cultural and social differences. The Messiria in [[Kordofan]] know little if anything about the Messiria in [[Dar Fur]] and [[Chad]], but they belong to the same tribe and they have similar subtribal divisions and diversities.

===Dar Al Messiria in Kordofan, Sudan===
In [[Kordofan]], the Messiria occupies the area historically known as West [[Kordofan]], among their well known locations are: [[Abyei]], [[Babanousa]], [[El Muglad]], [[Lagawa]], [[El Mairam]], and [[Lake Kailak]].

==== Messiria Divisions in Kordofan ====

The main divisions of Messiria in [[Kordofan]] are ''Messiria Zurug''; literally the name means ''The dark ones'' and ''[[Humur|Messiria Humr]]''; means ''The red ones''. These names: ''Zurug'' and ''[[Humur|Humr]]'' do ''not'' mean in any way that the ''Zurug'' are darker in skin color than ''Humr'', but most likely the ''Humr'' are darker than ''Zurug'' ones.  According to MacMichael, 1967:<ref name="MacMichael">Harold Alfred MacMichael, 1967, The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofán, Published by Cass, ((ISBN|0-7146-1113-1)), ((ISBN|978-0-7146-1113-6)), 260 pages.</ref> The two divisions have become so distinct that the ''Humr'' have ceased to rate themselves ''Messiria''.  However, in [[Sudan]] today, still they are called ''Messiria Humr'' and ''Messiria Zurug'' and still they acknowledge their common history and ancestry.

The Messiria Humr pastoralists migrate across the four regions of their homeland ("Dar el Humr“): [[Babanusa]], [[Muglad]], Goz and [[Bahr al-Arab|Bahr el Arab]].<ref>((Cite book|title=Le Soudan nilotique et l'administration britannique (1898-1956)|last=Grandin|first=Nicole|publisher=Etudes sociales, politiques et économiques du Moyen Orient, E. J. Brill|year=1982|isbn=90-04-06404-4|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|pages=322))</ref>
*'''Messiria Zurug''' – According to MacMichael, 1967<ref name="MacMichael"/> the ''Messiria Zurug'' have the following divisions:

<div style="text-indent: 2em">A – ''Awlád Um Sálim''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">B – ''El Ghazáya''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">C – ''El Diráwi''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">D – ''El Enenát''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">E – ''Awlá Abu Na'amán''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">F – ''El Zurug''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em">G – ''Awlád Haybán''
Still there subtribal divisions with each subtribes.
</div>
*'''[[Humur|Messiria Humr]]''' – According to Ian Cunnison, 1966:<ref name="IAN"/> The '''''[[Humur|Humr]]''''' are divided into:
<div style="text-indent: 2em">A —'''Ajaira'': </div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">1. ''Fayyarin''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">2. ''Awlád Kamil''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">3. ''Mezaghna''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">4. ''Fadliya''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">5. ''Menama''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">6. '''Addal''</div>

<div style="text-indent: 2em">B – ''Felaita'': </div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">1. ''Metanin''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">2. ''Ziyud''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">3. ''Awlád Serur''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">4. ''Jubarat''</div>
<div style="text-indent: 4em">5. ''Salamat''</div>

=== Dar Al Messiria in Darfur, Sudan ===
The area known as Nitega ('''''نتيقة''''') is the mainland of the Messiria in [[Dar Fur]], among the landmarks in the area is the Mountain Karou ('''''جبل كرو''''').

==Second Sudanese Civil War: 1983–2005==

=== Background of the conflict ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:South Kordofan Map.gif|thumb|right|300px|The red stars represent major battle ground either between the Government of [[Sudan]] and [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|SPLA]] or between SPLA and [[Baggara Arabs]].  All the area inhabited by [[Hawazma]] and [[Messiria]] also inhabited by [[Nuba]] tribes. The southern parts of [[Messiria]] Humr areas are shared with Ngok [[Dinka]] around [[Abyei]] area. Animosity between [[Baggara Arabs]], [[Dinka]] and [[Nuba]] was at its peak during 1985 – 2002.]] -->

The Misseriyya mostly live around [[Kordofan]] and migrate south into the [[Dinka]] territory. They are marginally represented in [[Darfur]] and there they live a semi-sedentary life. The Misseriyya was once a larger group, but fragmented into smaller groups over time.<ref name="test">Flint, J. and Alex de Waal, 2008 (2nd Edn), Darfur: A new History of a Long War, Zed Books.</ref>

The location of Messiria of [[Kordofan]] is at the border zone between [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]], specially the southern Fringes of their nomadic zone.  The [[Abyei]] area is claimed by Messira as well as by Ngok [[Dinka]], to be theirs.  While the Messiria are [[Baggara Arabs]], [[Sunni Muslims]] and identified as Northerners, on the other hand, Ngok [[Dinka]] are Southerners and identified as [[African people|Africans]] either Christians or Animists. Henderson, MacMichael and Ian Cunnison all attest the presence of Messiria in the eighteenth century.  Similar history is also available for the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms on the same area.  Being both [[nomads]], The Messiria and [[Dinka]] coexisted for long time and shared the grazing resources.  Those Messiria who have most contact with Ngok Dinka are the Messiria Humr.  The Messiria Zurug share most of their land with the [[Nuba]] tribes, along the western sides of the national highway connecting Deling city to [[Kadugli]]; the capital city of South Kordofan and extending to [[Talodi]] city.  On the eastern side of this national highway found the [[Hawazma]] tribes sharing the land also with the [[Nuba]] tribes.  The [[Nuba]] are indigenous [[African people|Africans]] inhabiting the area known as [[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Southern Kordofan]] and mostly [[Sunni Muslims]].  Both [[Nuba]] and [[Dinka]] are sided with Southern Rebels ([[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|SPLA]]/[[SPLM]]) during the civil war, while Messiria and [[Hawazma]] sided with Sudanese Government.

=== Historical grazing disputes ===
During the dry season the Misseriya migrate to the river Kiir in Abyei. They call the region the Bahr Al Arab.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKUlfEHGvosC&dq=misseriya&pg=PA12|title=Abandoning Abyei: destruction and displacement, May 2008|author=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|year=2008|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=12|isbn=978-1-56432-364-4|accessdate=9 January 2011))</ref>

Both branches of Messiria, the Humr and the Zurug, are involved in historical grazing disputes and isolated fights along their southern borders, either with [[Dinka]],<ref>[[Richard Crockett]] 2010.Yale University Press Sudan Darfur and the Failure of an African State pp.112-113. ((ISBN|9780300162738))</ref> [[Nuer people|Nuer]] or [[Nuba]] over grazing and water resources. The traditional fighting was intensified during the first Southern guerrilla's fighting, called [[Anyanya]],<ref>[[Richard Crockett]] 2010.Yale University Press Sudan
Darfur and the Failure of an African State p. 45 (also spelled Anya-Nya, a term for snake poison)((ISBN|9780300162738))</ref> in 1964 when a whole Messiria nomad camp around lake Abyyad was massacred in a terrible human slaughter by [[Anyanya]] fighters, none were spared including children, elderly and brides; many Messiria were abducted and women were raped by the rebels. The Messiria retaliated with a sequence of attacks targeting Southern villages and nomadic camps; they abducted children and raided cattle. At the time, the abductions and retaliations became the norm in the region, but, mostly children and cattle were retrieved by local authorities and the spirit and will of coexistence always prevailed.

Such targeting of [[Anyanya]] fighters on Messiria nomads lead to Messiria starting to accumulate weaponry to counterbalance the rebel fighters' force. Earlier incidents in the early eighteenth century during [[British rule]], had led to both [[Hawazma]] and Messiria taking up arms. In around 1908, the British armed the Nuba to fight against the expansion of the Northern Arabs in the region. Weapons, known locally as Marmatoun and Ab’gikra, were as common among Nuba as [[AK-47]] among Baggara Arabs today. All these indicate that the ingredients of ethnic war already exist in the region and the new SPLA war was just an ignition of an existing ethnic chasm in the area.

In [[Abyei]] the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] Ngok and Misseryia are engaged in territorial disputes.<ref>((cite news|title=Tribal trouble in Sudan|author=Al Jazeera|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/2011157531624666.html|newspaper=ALJAZEERA|date=5 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011))</ref>

===The Civil War===
((Expand section|date=November 2008))
See the Civil War under [[Hawazma]].  The Messiria are the first Northern tribes and the first [[Baggara]] tribes to suffer from the Southern war.

The Sudanese government gave the Misseriya Arab militia machine guns and ordered them to drive the Nilotic peoples from the Western Upper Nile oil region. They successfully took the Luk Nuer in Bentiu and Eastern [[Jikany Nuer]] in 1984.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=misseriya|title=Famine in Sudan, 1998: the human rights causes|author=[[Jemera Rone]], Human Rights Watch (Organization)|year=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=140|isbn=1-56432-193-2|accessdate=9 January 2011))</ref><ref>[[Richard Crockett]] 2010.Yale University Press Sudan
Darfur and the Failure of an African State ((ISBN|9780300162738))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|colwidth=30em))

((Sudanese Arab Tribes |state=expanded))

((DEFAULTSORT:Messiria Tribe))
[[Category:Baggara tribes]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Messiria tribe (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Country data Sudan (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Expand section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-ar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sudanese Arab Tribes (edit)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Messiria tribe.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiria_tribe"