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((Short description|Type of crown with a flat top worn in East Asia))
((italic title))
((More citations needed|date=January 2022))
<!-- parts of the article are commented out until I find sources on them -->
[[File:Chinese Imperial Mian, Dingling.jpg|thumb|A ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) in the Ding Ling Tomb Museum within the [[Ming Tombs]]]]

The '''((transliteration|zh|mianguan))''' (((Zh|c=冕冠|p=miǎnguān|l=ceremonial headdress))), also called '''((transliteration|ja|[[benkan]]))''' in Japan, '''((transliteration|ko|myeonlyugwan))''' in Korea, and '''((lang|vi|Miện quan))''' in Vietnam, is a type of [[Guan (headwear)|crown]] traditionally worn by the [[Emperor of China|emperors of China]], [[Emperor of Japan|Japan]], [[List of monarchs of Korea|Korea]], and [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|Vietnam]], as well as other kings in the [[East Asia]].<ref>((Cite web|last=字通,世界大百科事典内言及|first=精選版 日本国語大辞典,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,デジタル大辞泉,普及版|title=冕冠とは|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%86%95%E5%86%A0-131094|access-date=2022-01-18|website=コトバンク|language=ja))</ref>

Originating in [[China (region)|China]], the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was worn by the emperor, his ministers,<ref name="hua-2011a">((Cite book|last=Hua|first=Mei|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781020660|title=Chinese clothing|date=2011|isbn=978-0-521-18689-6|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=54|oclc=781020660))</ref> and aristocrats.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a">((Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=32, 34|oclc=19814728))</ref> The ''mianguan'' was the most expensive Chinese headware, reserved for important sacrificial events.<ref name="hua-2011a" /> Regulations on its shape and its making were issued under the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han dynasty]] and applied in the succeeding dynasties only to be ended at the fall of the Ming dynasty in the 16th century AD.<ref name="hua-2011a" />

In [[Japan]], the ((transliteration|ja|benkan)) has been worn by emperors since the [[Nara period]] when the Chinese-style ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was introduced by the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="university-of-california-press-2003a">((Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55856968|title=Women and Confucian cultures in premodern China, Korea, and Japan|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|editor1=Dorothy Ko|editor1-link=Dorothy Ko|editor2=JaHyun Kim Haboush|editor2-link=JaHyun Kim Haboush|editor3-link=Joan R. Piggott|editor3=Joan R. Piggott|isbn=978-0-520-92782-7|location=Berkeley|pages=48–49|oclc=55856968))</ref> [[Emperor Shōmu]] was reportedly in 732 AD, during the New Year court assembly, the first emperor in Japan to fully dress into ((transliteration|zh|[[mianfu]])) (a form of Chinese ceremonial clothing), which included the Chinese-style ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)).<ref name="university-of-california-press-2003a" />

It is also worn in [[Vietnam]],((efn|The crown of the emperor during the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] is housed in the Vietnam National Museum of History.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.kyuhaku.com/pr/exhibition/exhibition_s31.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328105009/http://www.kyuhaku.com/pr/exhibition/exhibition_s31.html |publisher=[[Kyushu National Museum]] |title=Special Exhibition "The Great Vietnam Exhibition" |access-date=2013-05-12 |archive-date=2013-03-28 |quote=Successive Emperors of the Nguyen Dynasty wore a crown called a Benkan, which had a rectangular plate on top of its head and twelve [strings] of colorful beads lined up [on a] red string in the front and back [each]. |language=ja))</ref>)) and the monarchs of the [[Joseon]] dynasty also wore an equivalent crown, the ((transliteration|ko|myeonlyugwan)).

== ((transliteration|zh|Mianguan)) (China) ==
[[File:Crown, Tomb of Ming Prince Zhu Tan (10144959305).jpg|thumb|''Mianguan'' from the tomb of [[Ming dynasty]] prince Zhu Tan, 10th son of the [[Hongwu Emperor]]]]
<!-- pretty sure we already said exactly this: In ancient China, the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was worn by the emperor, his ministers,<ref name="hua-2011a" /> and aristocrats.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> -->Among all the type of Chinese headwear, the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was the most expensive type; it was reserved especially for important sacrificial events.<ref name="hua-2011a" /> 

The ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) and the ((transliteration|zh|[[mianfu]])) were worn beginning in the [[Zhou dynasty]], based on [[Etiquette and Ceremonial|the ceremonial]] and [[Rites of Zhou|ritual]]-culture of Zhou that prescribes which types of clothing and accessories could be worn by the different social ranks and during different occasions.<ref name="xie-2019a">((Cite book |last1=Xie |first1=Hong |last2=Yan |first2=Lan-Lan |title=Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development (SSCHD 2018) |chapter=To Explore the Changes in Dress System Affected by Imperial Politics Thinking during Sui and Tang Dynasties |date=2019 |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/sschd-18/55912237 |language=en |publisher=Atlantis Press |pages=26–30 |doi=10.2991/sschd-18.2019.5 |isbn=978-94-6252-659-4|s2cid=159383691 ))</ref> The ((transliteration|zh|mianfu)) was abolished in the Qin dynasty by the [[Qin Shi Huang|First Emperor]] of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] in favour of a type of black ((transliteration|zh|[[shenyi]])) called ((transliteration|zh|junxuan))(袀玄) and ((transliteration|zh|[[tongtianguanfu|tongtianguan]])) instead,<ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7120|title=Book of Later Han|chapter=120|quote=“秦以戰國即天子位，滅去禮學，郊祀之服皆以袀玄。漢承秦故。” “顯宗遂就大業，初服旒冕，衣裳文章，赤舄絇屨，以祠天地。”))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7025|title=Book of Jin|chapter=25|quote=“通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 ”))</ref><ref name="xie-2019a" /><ref>((Cite book |last=Feng |first=Ge |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935642485 |title=Traditional Chinese rites and rituals |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |others=Zhengming Du |isbn=978-1-4438-8783-0 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |pages=15–16 |oclc=935642485))</ref> the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was however recorded.<ref name="xie-2019a" /> 

The practice of using ''junxuan'' over the ((transliteration|zh|mianfu)) was continued in the [[Han dynasty|Western Han]], until the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han]], when [[Emperor Ming of Han|Emperor Ming]] created new clothing regulations for ritual sacrifices and other official occasions based on [[Rites of Zhou]] and Confucian [[Classic of Rites]], restoring the use of ((transliteration|zh|mianfu)) and ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)).<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> <!--According to the new regulations, the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was supposed to be worn along with the official clothing only by the emperor, princes, dukes, and ministers on important ritual occasions.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> --> The  revived crown based on literature,((what|unclear what this means|date=September 2023)) after which it was worn in rituals and important ceremonies under several dynasties.((Citation needed|date=February 2022))((Clarify|date=February 2022)) However, the descriptions in the documents contradict one another, and each dynasty revised them often.((Citation needed|date=February 2022))

<!-- pretty sure we already said this: Regulations on its shape and making were created during the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han dynasty]] and applied in the succeeding dynasties. only to be ended at the fall of the Ming dynasty in the 16th century AD.<ref name="hua-2011a" /> -->The basic shape of the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) remained the same from ancient times to the [[Ming dynasty]]. The crown worn by the Ming dynasty's [[Wanli Emperor]] has been excavated from the Dingling Mausoleum, while the painting "Illustrated Scrolls of the Emperors of the dynasties" by ((transliteration|zh|[[Yan Liben]])) depicted emperors from the [[Han dynasty#Western Han|Former Han dynasty]] to the [[Sui dynasty]], whose ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was almost the same shape as the crown depicted, with minor differences in decoration.

<gallery>
File:Liu Bei Tang-detail.jpg|[[Liu Bei]] of [[Shu Han|Shu]] wearing the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan))
File:Chinese Imperial Mian, Dingling.jpg|((transliteration|zh|Mianguan)) excavated from the mausoleum of the [[Wanli Emperor]] during the [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Wanli-Emperor.jpg|The ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) of the Wanli Emperor. He is wearing the same ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) as the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) in the left picture.
File:Mianguan.jpg|((transliteration|zh|Mianguan)) with nine strings, Ming dynasty
</gallery>

Many of the non-Han Chinese dynasties that ruled China also adopted the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)). (Liao, which did not adopt the ritual system of the Han dynasty, and Yuan, which is considered to have a strong Mongolian flavor, also adopted the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)).)((Citation needed|date=February 2022))

[[File:Crown-of-Manchu-Han.png|Manchu ((transliteration|mnc|mahala)) crown]]

The ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) stopped being used in China since the fall of the [[Ming dynasty]]<ref name="hua-2011a" /> and the establishment of the [[Qing dynasty]] by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]. Instead, a unique Manchu crown called the 'morning crown' (((transliteration|mnc|mahala)) in [[Manchu language|Manchu]]) was used. The Manchu crown was shaped like an umbrella, and the top of the crown was decorated with a special pearl-encrusted ornament called the morning pearl.((Citation needed|date=January 2022))

== ((lang|vi|Miện quan)) (Vietnam) ==
The Chinese-style ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was also used in Vietnam, where it was known as the ((lang|vi|miện quan)).

<gallery>
File:Khai Dinh2.jpg|[[Khải Định]] of [[Nguyễn dynasty]] wearing a garment and ((lang|vi|miện quan))
File:越南阮朝弘宗宣皇帝阮福晙（启定1916年—1925年）31岁登基时的冕服照片（1916年）.jpg|[[Khải Định]] of [[Nguyễn dynasty]] wearing a ((lang|vi|miện quan))
File:TranhtrieuNguyen1.jpg|Paintings of ''Miện quan'' hats in the Nguyễn dynasty
</gallery>

== Construction and design ==
[[File:Mienguon.svg|thumb|((transliteration|zh|Mianguan)) diagram:((pb))((numbered list|Extension;|((transliteration|zh|Tianhe)) belt;|Cap and roll;|Tassels;|Ears;|Tail;|((transliteration|zh|Wu)) (((lang|zh|武)));|Jade hairpin))]]
The ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) is composed of:

A long, rectangular wooden board called the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) board (((transliteration|zh|yan)) in the Han dynasty)<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> was placed on top of the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)), with fulls hanging from the front and back of the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) board.

In the Han dynasty, the ((transliteration|zh|yan)) was round in the front but flat in the back; it was about ((convert|7|in)) in width and ((convert|1|ft)) in length.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> On both sides of the mianguan, there was a hole where an emerald hairpin could pass through so that the crown could be fastened to the hair bun of its wearer.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> A red band called the ((transliteration|zh|tianhe)) was attached to the centre of the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) and wraps around it.((Citation needed|date=January 2022)) The silk cord was tied on one end of the hairpin and would then be tied on the other side of the hairpin passing under the chin.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> There was also a ((transliteration|zh|chong er)) (((lit|stuffing the ear))) located on both side of the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) around the ear area; the ((transliteration|zh|chong er)) was a pearl or a piece of jade which symbolized that the wearer of ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) should not believe in any slander.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" />

The number of tassels depended on the status of the wearer, and the ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) of the emperor had 12 tassels at the front and back, for a total of 24 tassels.<ref>((Cite web|title=周礼注疏/卷三十二 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%BB%E7%96%8F/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C|access-date=2022-01-20|website=zh.wikisource.org|language=zh-Hans))</ref> The 12 tassels dangles down the shoulders and were made of jade beads of multiple colours which would sway with the wearer's movement.<ref name="zhang-2016a">((Cite book|last=Zhang|first=Fa|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933441686|title=History and spirit of chinese art. Volume 1, From prehistory to the Tang Dynasty|date=2016|publisher=Silkroad Press|isbn=978-1-62320-126-5|location=Honolulu|pages=13|oclc=933441686))</ref><!-- In addition, there is a large crown without fulls that is used by the emperor to worship heaven and earth. ((Citation needed|date=January 2022)) -->

In addition, there was the nine-tasselled crown, worn by dukes and the crown prince's servants.<ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%91%A8%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%BB%E7%96%8F/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C|title=Rites of Zhou|chapter=32|quote=诸侯之缫斿九就...每缫九成，则九旒也。))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7025|title=Book of Jin|chapter=25|quote=皇太子...其侍祀则平冕九旒))</ref> The eight-tasselled crown was worn by princes and dukes.<ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7025|title=Book of Jin|chapter=25|quote=王公八旒。))</ref> The ((transliteration|zh|qiliu mian)) (((lang|zh|七旒冕)), seven-tasselled crown) was worn by ministers.<ref>((cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7025|title=Book of Jin|chapter=25|quote=卿七旒。))</ref> The five-tasselled crown (((transliteration|zh|wuiu mian)), ((lang|zh|五旒冕))) was worn by viscounts and barons.((Citation needed|date=January 2022))
<!-- The following needs rewriting, as I don't know which crown it is referring to:

The material is made of ((transliteration|zh|tung)) board, and the clothes are made of silk, with a rounded front and a square back. One foot two inches wide, two feet four inches long<ref>用周尺</ref>--><!--I can't tell whether the following refers to a Japanese benkan or a Chinese benkan

It refers to a Chinese benkan but uses Japanese words because it comes from Japanese Wikipedia. The Japanese Benkan described above is significantly different

A [[kanzashi]] called a Tamakougai is pointed from the side of the crown and a braided cord called a tail is attached at the bottom. -->

The quantity and quality of the jewellery were an important marker of social ranking.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" /> In the Han dynasty, the emperor would use 12 strings of white jade, 7 strings of blue jade were used by dukes and princes, and black jade were used for ministers.<ref name="china-books-periodicals-1987a" />

=== Cultural significance ===
The ((transliteration|zh|mianguan)) was designed to strengthen the charismatic authority of its wearer which was conferred by the head.<ref name="zhang-2016a" /> This is similar to the Mandate of Heaven concept in which there is a rationalization of divine authority.<ref name="zhang-2016a" />

=== Related items ===
((Main|List of Hanfu headwear))
Since China was a crown-wearing culture, there were many crowns for different ranks, positions, and times.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Myun-Sook|last2=Im|first2=Sung-Kyung|date=2005|title=A Study on the Artificial Flowers as a Hair Ornament in China|journal=Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference (복식문화학회:학술대회논문집)|publisher=The Costume Culture Association|pages=67–69|url=https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/CFKO200536036091914.pdf))</ref>

* ((transliteration|zh|[[Fengguan|Feng Guan]])) – a crown worn by an empress (e.g. ((ill|Fengguan|lt=Phoenix Crown|zh|凤冠 (定陵))) – crowns of [[Wang Xijie|Empress Xiao Danxian]] and [[Empress Dowager Wang (Taichang)|Empress Dowager Xiao Jing]] excavated from the Dingling site, two each)<ref>((Cite book|last=Yang|first=Shaorong|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52775158|title=Traditional Chinese clothing: costumes, adornments & culture|date=2004|publisher=Long River Press|isbn=978-1-59265-019-4|location=San Francisco|language=English|oclc=52775158))</ref><ref>((Cite book|last=Press|first=Beijing Foreign Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oen_AgAAQBAJ&q=phoenix+coronet+wedding&pg=PA111|title=Chinese Auspicious Culture|date=2012-09-01|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-229-642-9|language=en))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Benkan]]
* [[Imperial crown]]
* [[List of Hanfu headwear]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''((NoteFoot))((notelist))
'''Sources'''((Reflist))

== Bibliography ==
* ((Interlanguage link|閻歩克|zh|阎步克))『服周之冕』[[Zhonghua Book Company|中華書局]]、2009年。

== External links ==
((Commons category|Miǎn guān))
((Types of Han Chinese clothing))
((Crowns))
[[Category:Vietnamese clothing]]
[[Category:Chinese clothing]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Headgear]]
[[Category:Crowns (headgear)]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Chinese headgear]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

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Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianguan"