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((Short description|British social scientist))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((more citations needed|date=May 2018))
'''Michael Parker Banton''' [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]], [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]] (8 September 1926<ref>[http://www.socialstudies.org.uk/contributors/detail/4220/Prof-Michael-Parker-Banton London Centre for Social Studies: Prof Michael Parker Banton]</ref> – 22 May 2018<ref>((cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/jun/24/michael-banton-obituary|title= Michael Banton obituary |date= June 24, 2018|work= The Guardian))</ref>) was a British social scientist, known primarily for his publications on racial and [[ethnic relations]]. He was also the first editor of ''[[Sociology (journal)|Sociology]]'' (1966-1969).<ref name="an appreciation">((cite journal | url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/68225/1/Binder1.pdf | title=Michael Parker Banton: an appreciation of his life's work | author=Husbands, Christopher T. (LSE) | journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] | year=2016 | volume=39 | issue=11 | pages=1907–1919 | doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1190027| s2cid=148548511 ))</ref>

==Academic contribution==
After graduating from the [[London School of Economics]] in 1950, Banton conducted research on the settlement of New Commonwealth immigrants in the [[East End]] of [[London]] for which he received a PhD from the [[University of Edinburgh]],<ref>((Cite thesis |last=Banton |first= Michael P.|date=1954 |title=Negro immigrants in a dockland area |language=en |publisher=University of Edinburgh|hdl= 1842/16317))</ref> from where he also gained a D.Sc. in [[inter-group relations]] in 1964.<ref>((Cite thesis |last=Banton |first=Michael P. |date=1964 |title=Studies in inter-group relations |language=en |publisher=University of Edinburgh|hdl=1842/23697 ))</ref> Here he studied under [[Kenneth Little]] at the Anthropology department which Banton noted was called "Negroes in Britain Industry".<ref name="Seck">((cite web |last1=Seck |first1=Fatima |title='The Negroes in Britain Industry': Race-Relations Studies at Edinburgh University in the 1950s |url=http://historyofeducation.org.uk/the-negroes-in-britain-industry-race-relations-studies-at-edinburgh-university-in-the-1950s/ |website=History of Education Society |publisher=History of Education Society |access-date=28 June 2019 |date=6 May 2019))</ref> Banton remained at the department and produced three books under Little's supervision: subsequently wrote books about the settlement of rural immigrants in [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]], and on the behaviour of the white British towards New Commonwealth immigrants. His book ''The Policeman in the Community'', a comparative study of policing in Scotland and the United States, was the first book-length sociological study of the police.

Banton became best known for his book ''Race Relations'' (1967), which summarised contemporary social science knowledge of that field. This phase of his writing concluded with a volume, ''The Idea of Race'', in which he introduced into the English language the concept of [[racialization]] as a process by which the idea of race as a physical category was socially utilized to organise perceptions of the populations of the world. Up to this point his work reflected sociological orthodoxy. For the next forty-plus years his publication energies focused increasingly on this subject as he turned out a succession of studies devoted to defining the study of race relations as a discipline. Banton's particular approach led to a long-running debate with [[John Rex]]. Other protagonists include Robert Miles who in 1982 published ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlG5AAAAIAAJ Racism and Migrant Labour]''.<ref name="an appreciation"/>

Starting in 1976, Banton's criticisms of that orthodoxy strengthened. In ''Racial and Ethnic Competition'' (1983) he advanced a rational choice theory. The book ended with a discussion of what constituted 'good' racial relations; it concluded that good racial relations would be ethnic relations. He has been critical of accounts of [[majority-minority relations]] in Europe that interpret them in the light of conceptions conventional in the USA.

Recalling [[Max Weber]]'s statement that he became a sociologist 'in order to put an end to the mischievous enterprise which still operates with collectivist concepts' Banton has observed that 'ethnic group' is a [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] concept. There are ethnic categories; those who are assigned to an ethnic category may come to form a group, but do not necessarily do so. From this starting point he has developed a theory of [[social categories]].

Whereas Banton has been much concerned with the improvement of concepts and theories in this field, he has also written on measures for the reduction of racial discrimination. He served as an elected member of the [[United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] from 1986 to 2001<ref name="an appreciation"/> and as its chairman for 1996–98.

==Career==
Banton was Lecturer, and subsequently Reader, in [[Social Anthropology]], University of Edinburgh, 1954–65, and professor of Sociology, [[University of Bristol]], 1965–92.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sociology/staff/michaelbanton.html |title= Michael Banton |publisher=Bristol University &#124; School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies |date= |access-date=2010-12-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427135544/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sociology/staff/michaelbanton.html| archive-date=April 27, 2009 |url-status=dead))</ref>
He was President of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]] of Great Britain and Ireland 1987–89, and President of the Sociology section, (1970–71) and the Anthropology section, (1985–86) within the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. He was President of the Ethnic, Race and Minority Relations section of the [[International Sociological Association]] 1990–94, and Director of the [[Economic and Social Research Council|Social Science Research Council]] Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, 1970–78. He was the first editor of ''[[Sociology (journal)|Sociology]]'', 1967–70.<ref>[http://www.oralliterature.org/collections/amacfarlane001.html Video interview with Michael Banton], Interviews with Anthropologists, [[World Oral Literature Project]]</ref>

==Death==
Banton died in May 2018 at the age of 91.<ref>[https://www.britsoc.co.uk/about/latest-news/2018/may/michael-banton-1926-2018/ Michael Banton (1926-2018)]</ref>

==Books==
((Lacking ISBN|date=December 2010))
*''The Coloured Quarter'' (Cape, 1955)
*''West African City ''(OUP, 1957)
*''White and Coloured'' (Cape, 1959)
*''The Policeman in the Community'' (Tavistock, 1964)
*''Roles'' (Tavistock, 1965)
*''Race Relations'' (Tavistock, 1967)
*''Racial Minorities'' (Fontana, 1972)
*''Police-Community Relations'' (Collins, 1973)
*''The Race Concept'' co-author Jonathan Harwood (Praeger, 1975)
* ((cite book | last1=Banton |first1=M | year=1978 | orig-year=1977 | title=The idea of race | publisher= Westview Press |location= Boulder | type = paperback | isbn = 978-0-89158-719-4 ))
*''Racial and Ethnic Competition'' (CUP, 1983)
*''Promoting Racial Harmony'' (CUP, 1985)
*''Investigating Robbery'' (Gower, 1985)
*''Racial Theories'' (CUP, 1987, second edition 1997)
*''Racial Consciousness'' (Longman, 1988)
*''Discrimination'' (Open UP, 1994)
*''International Action against Racial Discrimination'' (OUP, 1996)
*''Ethnic and Racial Consciousness'' (Longman, 1997)
*''The International Politics of Race'' (Polity, 2002).
* ((cite book | last1=Banton |first1=M | year=2015 | title=What We Know About Race and Ethnicity | publisher= Berghahn Books |location= New York/Oxford | type = hardback | isbn = 978-1-78238-603-2 ))

==Selected articles==
*((cite journal | last1 = Banton | first1 = M. | title = Ethnic Conflict | journal = Sociology | volume = 34 | page = 481 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1177/S0038038500000304 | issue = 3 | s2cid = 220672922 ))
*'Decision-taking in the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination' pp 55–78 in Philip Alston & James Crawford, editors, The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring. 2000 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*'Historical and Contemporary Modes of Racialization' pp.&nbsp;51–68 in Racialization: Studies in Theory and Practice, edited by Karim Murji and John Solomos. 2005 Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*((cite journal | last1 = Banton | first1 = M. | title = Finding, and Correcting, My Mistakes | journal = Sociology | volume = 39 | page = 463 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1177/0038038505052488 | issue = 3 | s2cid = 144648080 ))
*((cite journal | last1 = Banton | first1 = M | title = Three current issues in ethnic and racial studies | journal = The British Journal of Sociology | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 621–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16309439 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00086.x ))
*((cite journal | last1 = Banton | first1 = Michael | title = Max Weber on 'ethnic communities': a critique | journal = Nations and Nationalism | volume = 13 | page = 19 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00271.x ))
* ((cite book | last1= Banton | first = Michael | chapter=Problem-Finding in Ethnic and Racial Studies |title= Advancing Multiculturalism, Post 7/7 | editor= John Eade |editor2=[[Martyn Barrett]] |editor3=Chris Floud |editor4=Richard Race |year= 2008 | isbn=978-1-84718-419-1 ))
*((cite journal | last1 = Banton | first1 = Michael | title = The sociology of ethnic relations | journal = Ethnic and Racial Studies | volume = 31 | page = 1267 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1080/01419870701710922 | issue = 7 | s2cid = 145489682 | url = https://hal.science/hal-00513302/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F01419870701710922.pdf | type = Submitted manuscript ))

==References==
* ((cite journal|last1=McNeil |first1=D. |title=Race, Prejudice and UNESCO: the liberal discourse of Cyril Bibby and Michael Banton |journal=The History of Education Researcher |year=2010 |volume=85 |issue=2 |url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/103482837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031110/http://www.getcited.org/pub/103482837 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-18 ))

((Reflist))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Banton, Michael))
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:British social scientists]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:British officials of the United Nations]]

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