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((Short description|French statesman (1806–1879)))
((Refimprove|date=November 2009))
[[File:Michel Chevalier.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Michel Chevalier]]
'''Michel Chevalier''' (((IPA-fr|miʃɛl ʃəvalje|lang)); 13 January 1806 – 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], economist and [[free market]] [[Liberalism|liberal]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Limoges]], [[Haute-Vienne]], Chevalier studied at the ''[[École Polytechnique]]'', obtaining an engineering degree at the Paris ''[[École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris|École des mines]]'' in 1829.

In 1830, after the [[July Revolution]], he became a [[Saint-Simonianism|Saint-Simonian]], and edited their paper ''[[Le Globe]]''.<ref>Kirwan, Andrew Valentine. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45648/page/n48 <!-- pg=36 quote=Michael Chevalier journalism. --> ''Modern France: Its Journalism, Literature, and Society'']. London, 1863, pp. 35-36.</ref> The paper was banned in 1832, when the "Simonian [[sect]]" was found to be prejudicial to the social order, and Chevalier, as its editor, was sentenced to six months imprisonment.

After his release, [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]] [[Adolphe Thiers]] sent him in 1834 on a mission to the United States and [[Mexico]], to observe the state of industrial and financial affairs in the Americas. In the United States, Chevalier visited different parts of the country studying American society, its manners and political, social, and economic institutions. He made some keen observations along the way that were published in France by the [[Journal des débats]] producing at the time "an immense effect".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ9EAQAAMAAJ&dq=Michael%20Chevalier%20journalism&pg=PA515 ''The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art''], 1851, Volume 22, p. 515.</ref> In Mexico he exchanged ideas with the mineralogist and politician [[Andrés Manuel del Río]]. It was during this trip that he also developed the idea that the [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking]] and [[Lusophone|Portuguese-speaking]] parts of the Americas shared a cultural or [[Social interpretations of race|racial]] affinity with all the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European peoples]] with a [[Romance languages|Romance culture]]. Chevalier postulated that this part of the Americas were inhabited by people of a "Latin race," which could be a natural ally of "Latin Europe" in its struggle with "Teutonic Europe," "Anglo-Saxon America" and "Slavic Europe."<ref name = "mignolo">((cite book | last = Mignolo | first = Walter | title = The Idea of Latin America | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vPacXtsWhewC | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | place = Oxford | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-4051-0086-1 |pages = 77–80))</ref> The idea was later taken up by French and Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid and late nineteenth century, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models, but rather to France, and who coined the term "Latin America". In the end, this was just an excuse [[Second French intervention in Mexico|for France to invade Mexico]], which Chevalier supported.<ref>McGuiness, Aims (2003). "Searching for 'Latin America': Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s" in Appelbaum, Nancy P. et al. (eds.). ''Race and Nation in Modern Latin America''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 87-107. ((ISBN|0-8078-5441-7))</ref><ref>((cite book | last = Chasteen | first = John Charles | author-link = John Charles Chasteen | title = Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America | publisher = [[W. W. Norton]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-393-97613-0 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/borninbloodfirec00chas_0/page/157 157] | no-pp = true | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/borninbloodfirec00chas_0 ))</ref>

In 1837, he wrote a well received work, ''Des intérèts matériels en France'', after which his career took off. At age 35, he was appointed professor of [[political economy]] at the [[Collège de France]].((Citation needed|date=May 2023)) 

In 1839, letters that he sent to France during his mission to North America were translated and edited by [[Thomas Gamaliel Bradford]] and published in the United States as, ''Society, manners and politics in the United States; being a series of letters on North America''.<ref>Michel Chevalier. [https://www.loc.gov/item/01026758/ ''Society, manners and politics in the United States; being a series of letters on North America'']. Boston: Weeks, Jordan & Co., 1839.</ref> [[Orestes Brownson]] reviewed the book and wrote that, "The work itself is highly important and interesting, and is well worth the perusal and even the study of every American citizen."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lOARAAAAYAAJ&dq=Michael%20Chevalier%20series%20of%20letters&pg=PA209 ''The Boston Quarterly Review''], 1840, Volume 3, p. 209.</ref>

He was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1852.<ref>((Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1852&year-max=1852&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-16|website=search.amphilsoc.org))</ref>

Chevalier was an early member of the [[Société d'économie politique]] organized in 1842 by [[Pellegrino Rossi]].<ref>((citation|language=fr|title=Notice historique |last=Courtois |first=Alphonse|journal=Annales de la Société d'économie politique|year=1846|pages=7–10 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k454370f/f18.image.r=%22secr%C3%A9taire%20perp%C3%A9tuel%22|access-date=2017-08-18))</ref>
He was elected a ''[[French National Assembly|député]]'' for the ''[[Départements of France|département]]'' of [[Aveyron]] in 1845, an appointment of [[French Senate|Senator]] followed in 1860. In 1859, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
Together with [[Richard Cobden]] and [[John Bright]] he prepared the [[free trade]] agreement of 1860 between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and France, which is still called the ''[[Cobden-Chevalier Treaty]]''.

He died in [[Lodève]].

== Works ==
*''Des intérèts matériels en France'', 1837
*''[https://archive.org/stream/societymannersa00chevgoog#page/n8/mode/2up Society, manners and politics in the United States; being a series of letters on North America]'', 1839
*''Histoire et description des voies de communication aux États-Unis'', 1840–42, 2 volumes
*''Essais de politique industrielle'', 1843
*''Cours d'économie politique'', 1842-44 u. 1850, 3 volumes
*''L'isthme de Panama, suivi d'un aperçu sur l'isthme de Suez'', 1844
*''Les Brevets d'invention examinés dans leurs rapports avec le principe de la liberté du travail et avec le principe de l'égalité des citoyens'', 1878

==See also==
* [[Manchester capitalism]]
* [[Saint-Simonianism]]

==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
*((Gutenberg author | id=32060| name=Michel Chevalier))
*((Internet Archive author |sname=Michel Chevalier))
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ ''Gallica''] includes works of Michel Chevalier
*((cite journal
 | author = Robinson, Moncure
 | year = 1880
 | title = Obituary Notice of Michel Chevalier 
 | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 107
 | pages = 28–37
 ))

==External links==
((Wikisource1911Enc|Chevalier, Michel))
*((commonscat-inline|Michel Chevalier))
* [http://blogs.stlawu.edu/literaryjurnalism/2014/02/03/michael-chevalier-society-manners-and-politics-in-the-united-states/ Michael Chevalier: Society Manners and Politics in the United States]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Chevalier, Michel))
[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]
[[Category:Mines Paris - PSL alumni]]
[[Category:Corps des mines]]
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Limoges]]
[[Category:French engineers]]
[[Category:French newspaper editors]]
[[Category:French political writers]]
[[Category:French people in rail transport]]
[[Category:Saint-Simonists]]
[[Category:French senators of the Second Empire]]
[[Category:French classical liberal economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:19th-century French journalists]]
[[Category:French male journalists]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]

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