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((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((more citations needed|date=March 2008))

The '''Midland Revolt''' was a popular uprising which occurred in the [[English Midlands|Midlands]] of [[England]] in 1607. Beginning in late April in [[Northamptonshire]], in [[Haselbech]], [[Pytchley]] and [[Rushton, Northamptonshire|Rushton]], it spread to [[Warwickshire]] and [[Leicestershire]] in May. The riots were a protest against the [[enclosure]] of [[common land]]<ref name="Stow">((Cite book |last1=Stow |first1=John |authorlink1=John Stow |title=The Annales, or Generall Chronicle of England |date=1615 |location=London |pages=889–890 |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-midland-revolt-in-stows-annals-of-england |accessdate=8 August 2019))</ref> and drew considerable support, led by "Captain Pouch", otherwise John Reynolds, a [[tinker]] said to be from [[Desborough]], [[Northamptonshire]].<ref name="Stow"/> He claimed authority from the King and Lord of Heaven to destroy enclosures and promised to protect protesters with the contents of his pouch, carried by his side, which would keep them from harm.<ref name="Stow"/> He urged them to use no violence in their efforts to destroy the enclosures. Three thousand were recorded at [[Hillmorton]], Warwickshire and 5000 at [[Cotesbach]], Leicestershire.<ref name="Stow"/> A curfew was imposed in [[Leicester]], for fear its citizens would stream out to join the riots. They pulled down a [[gibbet]] erected there as a warning. It was also during this period that the term "[[leveller]]" was first used.

==Newton Rebellion==
[[File:Redundant church used as Field Centre, Newton in the Willows - geograph.org.uk - 151243.jpg|thumb|St Faith's Church, Newton]]
The culmination of the revolt was the Newton Rebellion. In early June, over a thousand protesters, including women and children, gathered in [[Newton, Northamptonshire|Newton]], near [[Kettering]], Northamptonshire to protest against the enclosures by pulling out hedges and filling ditches.<ref>R. L. Greenall: ''A History of Northamptonshire'', Phillimore & Co. Ltd, 1979, ((ISBN|1-86077-147-5)), pp. 41-42. The first known use of the term [[Leveller]] was to describe protesters who "levelled" hedges.</ref> King [[James I of England|James I]] ordered his [[deputy lieutenant]]s in Northamptonshire to put down the riots. The Treshams – the family at Newton and their better-known [[Roman Catholic]] cousins at [[Rushton Hall]] under [[Francis Tresham]], who had been involved two years earlier in the [[Gunpowder Plot]] and had apparently died in the [[Tower of London]] — were unpopular for voracious enclosure of land. [[Thomas Tresham (died 1605)|Sir Thomas Tresham]] of Rushton was the gentleman "most odious in this country".<ref>Pettit, Phillip A. J.: The Royal Forests of Northamptonshire (Northamptonshire Record Society, Volume XXIII, 1968).</ref> The old Roman Catholic family of Treshams had long disputed about territory with an emerging [[Puritan]] family, the Montagus of [[Boughton House]]. Now Tresham of Newton was enclosing common land, the Brand, which had been part of [[Rockingham Forest]].

[[Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton|Edward Montagu]], a deputy lieutenant, had spoken against enclosure in Parliament some years earlier, but was now placed by the King in the effective position of defending the Treshams. Local armed bands and militia refused to serve, so that landowners had to use their servants to suppress the rioters on 8 June 1607. The Royal Proclamation was read twice, but the rioters continued and the gentry and their forces charged. Forty or fifty were killed in the pitched battle and the leaders of the protest were [[hanged and quartered]].

There is a memorial to the executed at St Faith's Church, Newton, but parish and [[assize]] records have disappeared. The Tresham family declined soon after. The Montagu family went on through marriage to become [[Duke of Buccleuch|Dukes of Buccleuch]], one of the biggest landowners in Britain.<ref>((Cite web |title=A Land Reform Manifesto |url=http://www.monbiot.com/archives/1995/02/22/a-land-reform-manifesto/ |author=George Monbiot |author-link=George Monbiot |date=22 February 1995 |accessdate=2008-03-04))</ref>

The Newton Rebellion was one of the last occasions when the peasantry and the gentry of England were in open conflict. John Reynolds' pouch was found after he was captured. When opened, it was found to contain only a piece of [[green cheese]], according to the Chronicles of Stow. Reynolds was hanged.

==References==
((Reflist))

*Martin, John E.: ''Feudalism to Capitalism'' (London 1983)
*Hindle, Steve: "Crime & Popular Protest" in Coward, Barry Ed ''A Companion to Stuart Britain'' (Oxford 2003)
*((cite ODNB|id=67261|title=Reynolds, John|first=John|last=Walter))
*Jones, Reece: ''Violent Borders - Refugees and the Right to Move'' (Verso 2017)
*Griffin C.J. and McDonagh, Briony: ''Remembering Protest in Britain since 1500'' (Palgrave 2018)
*Pettit, Phillip A.J.: ''The Royal Forests of Northamptonshire'' (Northamptonshire Record Society, Volume XXIII, 1968)

==External links==
*[http://www.newtonrebels.org.uk Newton Rebels]


[[Category:Rebellions in England]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1607]]
[[Category:Enclosures]]
[[Category:1607 in England]]
[[Category:History of Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:History of Warwickshire]]
[[Category:History of Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Military history of Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Military history of Warwickshire]]

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