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((short description|Hazardous waste site in Missoula County, Montana, United States))
((Multiple issues|
((refimprove|date=May 2015))
((POV|date=May 2015))
))

[[File:EPAmap.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Clark Fork River Operable Unit]]
The '''Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site''' is a major [[Superfund]] site in [[Missoula County, Montana|Missoula County]], [[Montana]], seven miles east of [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]]. It was added to the [[National Priorities List]] in 1983 when arsenic groundwater contamination was found in the Milltown area. The contamination resulted from a massive flood three years after its construction in 1905, which washed millions of tons of mine waste into the Clark Fork River, ultimately ending up behind the Milltown Dam.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://missoulian.com/epa-to-crack-down-on-arsenic-levels/article_030a6ec5-4239-5d63-b0c4-ecdbd7aaf4dd.html|title=EPA to crack down on arsenic levels|last=Missoulian|first=SHERRY DEVLIN of the|newspaper=missoulian.com|access-date=2017-02-03|language=en))</ref>

Since 1992, the site has been a part of the [[Clark Fork River]] Superfund Complex, consisting of three major sites (the other two in [[Anaconda, Montana|Anaconda]] and [[Butte, Montana|Butte]]) along a 120-mile stretch of the Clark Fork River. The Complex is the largest and most expensive Superfund site in the [[United States]].<ref name="NPL">[http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/mt/milltown EPA Milltown Reservoir Sediments page], epa.gov; accessed May 9, 2015.</ref>

==Overview==
The Milltown Dam (((coord|46|52|18|N|113|53|33|W))) was an earth-fill gravity-type [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] [[dam]] on the [[Clark Fork (river)|Clark Fork]] river in [[Missoula County, Montana|Missoula County]], in the western part of [[Montana]]. The dam was located about seven miles east of [[Missoula, Montana]], at the confluence of the [[Blackfoot River (Montana)|Blackfoot River]] with the Clark Fork.  Built in 1908 by copper mining tycoon [[William A. Clark]], it was meant to supply hydroelectricity to his sawmills in nearby [[Bonner, Montana]]. Clark's sawmills supplied the giant timbers used to shore up the walls of the mine shafts in Butte.  Since the 1870s, the [[Anaconda, Montana|Anaconda]] and [[Butte, Montana|Butte]] areas had been mined as one of the richest deposits of [[copper sulfide]] ever found in North America.  With the dam just months old, however, a record flood on the Clark Fork washed tons of toxic mining sediment downstream, where it settled at the base of the dam to remain until remediation began, with a cumulative total of around 6.6 million cubic yards of sediment contaminated with arsenic, lead, zinc, copper, and other metals in the former reservoir bed.

==Superfund designation and study==
In 1981, through a routine Missoula County water quality study, four wells in Bonner that served 35 households, were found to be contaminated with heavy metals. The [[Environmental Protection Agency]] and the Montana Department of Environmental Quality closed the wells and began to look into the cause of the contamination of Milltown area groundwater. Two years later, in September 1983, it was determined that the contamination was the result of a buildup of heavy metal laden sediment from years of intensive mining upstream by the [[Anaconda Copper Mining Company]].  That finding resulted in the addition of the Milltown Dam Site to the initial [[National Priorities List]].  Review began immediately by the EPA to determine the [[Potentially Responsible Party]] (PRP) and to develop a plan to fix the groundwater contamination problem.  In 1977 Anaconda Copper was purchased by the Atlantic Richfield Corporation ([[ARCO]]), which assumed liability for the damages. In 2000, ARCO was purchased by [[British Petroleum]].((citation needed|date=May 2015))

In 1992, through the action of committed citizens in the Deer Lodge Valley, the EPA designated the [[Clark Fork River]] upstream from the Milltown Dam to the Warm Springs Ponds part of the Superfund Site.<ref name="EPA Site History">[http://www.epa.gov/Region8/superfund/mt/milltowncfr/cfr Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site], epa.gov; accessed May 9, 2015.</ref> In 1995, the study of the extent of site contamination was completed by the EPA and ARCO. A subsequent feasibility study attempted to determine how to restore the Milltown groundwater. That study was halted, however, as the unusually wet winter of 1996 sent a large ice jam down the [[Blackfoot River (Montana)|Blackfoot River]] and into the Milltown Reservoir, causing a severe scouring of the contaminated sediment in the reservoir bed and caused a fish kill downstream.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://missoulian.com/rising-concern/article_b2db33dc-6b2b-5a8e-ab9d-6574dead2b00.html|title=Rising concern|newspaper=missoulian.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-03))</ref>

Fearful of a major uncontrolled release of water (and sediment), officials quickly drew down the level of the reservoir, stranding the ice pack before it could cause any more damage.<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/science/27dam.html Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site], nytimes.com; accessed 9 May 2015.</ref> The EPA immediately began to examine the extent of the damage, and after a contentious public discussion, it became clear that the threats of continued releases of contaminated sediments into the downstream fishery must be addressed in the final remediation plan. Over 10,000 residents of Western Montana sent public comments in support of complete dam removal and full cleanup.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://clarkfork.org/our-work/what-we-do/restore-the-best/confluence/|title=Clark Fork/Blackfoot Confluence - Clark Fork Coalition|newspaper=Clark Fork Coalition|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-03))</ref>

In 2003 the State of Montana, through its Natural Resource Damage Program, drafted a conceptual plan for the restoration of the Milltown Dam site.<ref name="NRDP Restoration Road Map">[http://www.doj.mt.gov/lands/naturalresource/resources/projects/2008draftframeworkroadmap.pdf]  NRDP Restoration Road Map</ref> In December 2004, the final remediation plan was released by the EPA, calling for the removal of more than two million cubic yards of contaminated sediment and the removal of the Milltown Dam.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://missoulian.com/news/local/epa-formalizes-decision-to-remove-milltown-dam/article_c733eda2-71d5-5484-8af9-77108c5e6d6b.html|title=EPA formalizes decision to remove Milltown Dam|last=Missoulian|first=SHERRY DEVLIN of the|newspaper=missoulian.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-03))</ref> In August 2005, a consent decree was signed by the parties, allowing the project to move out of the planning phase and onto the ground. After over 20 years of study and litigation, work began on the Milltown Site on June 1, 2006 with a drawdown of the Milltown Reservoir. Contaminated reservoir sediments were hauled to an upstream repository near the town of Opportunity, a move opposed by some local residents.((citation needed|date=May 2015))

==Three Rs of the Superfund project==
===Remediation===
[[File:Excavation.jpg|thumb|right|Sediment removal as part of the remediation in the fall of 2008]]
Remediation is defined as the cleanup of hazardous substances to protect human health and the environment. The remediation on the Milltown/Clark Fork River Site is being led by the EPA and its chief contractor, Envirocon. The remediation phase includes the removal of three million tons of contaminated sediment and the Milltown Dam itself. Remediation goals include the restoration of the Milltown Aquifer and the downriver water quality as well as the trout fishery through the confluence area. Work on the ground began in the summer of 2006 and the remediation phase should come to a close by December 2009, with the project leadership shifting over to the [[State of Montana]] for the restoration of the area.<ref name="NPL"/>((update after|2009|12|31))

===Restoration===
[[File:Milltownrest.jpg|thumb|left|The initial stream bank stabilization being done upstream from the Milltown Dam site underway by the state's contractor, Envirocon]]
Restoration in the context of Milltown is the creation of a natural river and floodplain following dam and sediment removal. With funds gained through a Natural Resource Damage Program lawsuit against [[ARCO]], the State of Montana is leading the restoration of the confluence area to a natural state. Restoration work began in summer 2008 and ramped up as the sediment removal drew to a close. The restoration work includes the sculpting of a new river channel, the creation of fluvial wetlands, bank reinforcement, and reestablishment of natural vegetation cover.<ref name="NRDP/Milltown">[http://www.doj.mt.gov/lands/naturalresource/restorationroadmap.asp State of Montana Natural Resource Damage Program Restoration Road Map]</ref> Restoration work was scheduled to be finished by 2012.((update after|2012|12|31))

===Redevelopment===
[[File:Milltown Park web.jpg|thumb|right|A conceptual design for the proposed state park]]
Redevelopment is the effort to return former hazardous waste sites to productive use. The plan for the redevelopment of the Milltown area includes the creation of a state park with a trail system connecting the surrounding communities. In 2007, a conceptual design for the park was created in cooperation by the Milltown Superfund Redevelopment Working Group and the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, the National Park Service Rivers and Trails Program, the Idaho-Montana Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects.<ref name="Milltown/TwoRiversPark">((cite web |url=https://www.missoulacounty.us/Home/ShowDocument?id=6096 |title=Milltown/Two Rivers Park Conceptual Plan |author=Milltown Superfund Site Redevelopment Working Group |date=July 15, 2008))</ref> In 2009, a grant proposal for the initial park development was submitted to the Natural Resource Damage Program. [[Milltown State Park]] opened in 2018.<ref name=missoulian>((cite news |url=https://missoulian.com/news/local/confluence-area-opens-at-milltown-state-park/article_af825bc6-c9e8-57a1-a27e-412844f45bb5.html |title=Confluence area opens at Milltown State Park |first=Patrick |last=Reilly |date=June 25, 2018 |newspaper=Missoulian |accessdate=September 7, 2021))</ref>

==See also==
((stack|((Portal|Water|Renewable energy))))
*[[Clark Fork River]]
*[[Anaconda Copper]]
*[[ARCO]]
*[[British Petroleum]]
*[[List of Superfund sites in Montana]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630210837/http://cfrtac.org/ Clark Fork River Technical Assistance Committee]
*[http://www.clarkfork.org Clark Fork Coalition]
*[http://www.tworivershistory.net Two Rivers History]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091224192939/http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/mt/milltown/ EPA Region 8 Milltown Reservoir Sediments]
*((HAER |survey=MT-43 |id=mt0182 |title=Milltown Dam, Clark Fork River, 6 miles upstream from Missoula, Milltown, Missoula County, MT))
*((HAER |survey=MT-43-A |id=mt0222 |title=Milltown Dam, Powerhouse |link=no))
*((HAER |survey=MT-43-B |id=mt0221 |title=Milltown Dam, Spillway |link=no))
*[http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv42724 Milltown Oral History Project] (University of Montana Archives)

((Montana))
((Missoula, Montana))

[[Category:Dams in Montana]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1908]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Deer Lodge County, Montana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Granite County, Montana]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power plants in Montana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Missoula County, Montana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Powell County, Montana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Silver Bow County, Montana]]
[[Category:Superfund sites in Montana]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Montana]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Montana]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in Montana]]

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