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((Short description|Device mounted on a tank that clears mines by detonating them))
((More citations needed|date=June 2023))
[[File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg|thumb|300px| A US Army Panther mine-clearing variant of the [[M60 Patton]] tank. It is fitted with mine rollers and operated by remote control.]]

A '''mine roller''' or '''mine trawl''' is a [[demining]] device mounted on a [[tank]] or [[armoured personnel carrier]], designed to detonate anti-tank [[land mine|mines]]. It allows engineers to clear a lane through a minefield which is protected by enemy fire.

The device is usually composed of a fork or two push arm assemblies fitted to the front of a tank hull, with two banks of rollers that can be lowered in front of the tank's tracks. Each roller bank has several heavy wheels studded with short projecting steel girders, which apply a higher [[ground pressure]] than the tank's tracks. This ensures the explosion of pressure-fused anti-tank mines, which would otherwise explode under the track itself.<ref name="Bishop">((cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Chris |title=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |date=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn=978-1-58663-762-0 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC |language=en))</ref>

== History ==

At the end of the [[First World War]], the [[British Army]] Engineers Major [[Giffard Le Quesne Martel]] and [[Charles Inglis (engineer)|Major Charles Inglis]] experimented with tank bridges and mine rollers based on the [[Mark V tank]]. Three special tank battalions were mustered for trials at [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] in [[Hampshire]], England, in 1918. Because of the [[Armistice]], these were never tested in battle, but some development work continued with the Experimental Bridging Company until 1925.

After great difficulties caused by minefields in the [[Winter War]] against Finland, the Soviet [[Red Army]] assigned [[P.M. Mugalev]] at the Dormashina Factory in [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]] to design a mine-clearing vehicle. Prototypes were tested based on the [[T-28 (medium tank)|T-28]] medium tank in 1940. Development was interrupted by the start of [[World War II]], but resumed in 1942. T-60 and KV tank chassis underwent trials, but only the [[T-34]] was deemed to have a sufficiently robust transmission and clutch.

Experimental detachments of PT-34 mine roller tanks were formed in May 1942, and saw action at [[Voronezh]] in August. The first Independent Engineer Tank Regiment with eighteen mine rollers was fielded in October 1943. At least five regiments were formed during the war.

The PT-34's huge roller fork was semi-permanently mounted on a T-34 or T-34-85 tank. The rollers were usually removed for travel, and only installed for mine clearing operations. Adaptations for later tanks consisted of two lighter arms. The Mugalev system was adopted by U.S. and Israeli forces in the 1980s.

During WWII, the Germans created the experimental Räumer S 4-wheeled armoured mine clearance vehicle, built by Krupp. Weighing 130 tons, the prototype was captured by the Americans at the end of the war.

The British developed the ''Anti Mine Roller Attachment'' (AMRA) for their [[Matilda II]], [[Valentine tank|Valentine]], and [[Crusader tank]]s in the desert. The rollers only covered the width of each track rather than clearing a tank-width path for subsequent vehicles and troops. To these were added a [[Churchill tank]] with the evocatively named "Canadian Indestructible Roller Device" (CIRD). The British used mine rollers to detect the presence of minefields and then used [[mine flail]]s for the clearance.<ref>Fletcher ''The Universal Tank'' HMSO</ref>

During [[World War II]], the mine roller most used by US forces was the T1E3 Mine Exploder unit, attached to the [[M4 Sherman]] medium tank. It was nicknamed ''[[Aunt Jemima]]'' because of its [[pancake]]-like appearance.<ref name="Bishop"/> It had two sets of five disc rollers, ((convert|10|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us)) in diameter each.

==Post WW2==
Since 1945, a number of countries have developed mine rollers including:
* Russia - Stankomash Ltd. - TMT. <ref>((cite web |title=Russian Army Engineers receive new equipment |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/russian-army-engineers-receive-new-equipment |access-date=31 August 2018))</ref>
* UK - Armtrac Limited - Armtrac Roller - capable of operating at 50 kph.<ref>((cite web |title=Armtrac Roller |url=https://armtrac.net/products-unmanned-ground-vehicle/ |access-date=6 August 2023))</ref>
* UK - Pearson Engineering - Light Weight Mine Roller (LWMR).  <ref>((cite web |title=Light Weight Mine Roller (LWMR) |url=https://www.army-technology.com/products/lightweight-mine-roller/ |access-date=6 August 2023))</ref>
* USA - Axion Corporation - fits to Abrams tank. <ref>((cite web |title=M1A1 Abrams Mine rollers W56HZV-09-C-0571 |url=http://axion-corp.com/project-details/m1a1-abrams-mine-rollers/ |access-date=6 August 2023))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mine plow]]
* [[Military engineering vehicle]]

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* [https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol5/iss3/9/ Mine Field Breaching in Desert Storm − The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040404131512/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Desert_song/Michael.htm Photo of an APC with mine roller]

[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment]]
[[Category:Mine warfare countermeasures]]

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