The Ministry of Communications of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Министерство связи СССР) was the central state administration body on communications in the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1991. During its existence it had three names: People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs (1923–32), People's Commissariat for Communications (1932–46) and Ministry of Communications (1946–1991). It had authority over the postal, telegraph and telephone communications as well as public radio, technical means of radio and television broadcasting, and the distribution of periodicals in the country.
h) the establishment of the principles and the general plan of the national economy of the Union, as well as to conclude concession agreements; and) regulate the transport and postal-telegraph case.
The same document defined that "the Executive Body of the Central Executive Committee of the Union is the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CPC Union), elected by the Central Executive Committee of the Union for the term of the latter," and it would comprise the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs. In the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs had "an advisory capacity."
Accordingly, after the formation of the Soviet Union, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR was created in 1923 instead of the similar agency of the RSFSR. Regulations on the new Commissariat were approved by the USSR Central Executive Committee session on 12 November 1923.[1]
In 1924, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs set up a mobile postal service, providing it to rural localities. In 1925, an area inhabited by 68% of the USSR population (27% of the population centres) was covered by home delivery of mail. Regular radio broadcasting started in 1924, with radio broadcast stations being established in 1925 in Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities.[2]
By 1929, the telegraph networks destroyed in the Civil War of 1918–1920 were restored to the pre-World War I level. Further improvement of telegraph communication was aimed at a conversion to letter-printing telegraphs. The first facsimile communications line was opened in 1929. In the same year, an automatic switching system for 6,000 numbers was opened in Rostov-on-Don. In 1930, two regional automatic switching systems were launched in Moscow.[2]
On 17 January 1932, the Commissariat was re-organised and renamed the People's Commissariat for Communications.[3]
Over the years of the pre-World War II five-year plans (1929–1940), there was a rapid development of the Soviet communication system and industry. High-frequency equipment was introduced for long-distance communication. Use of such equipment allowed to transmit three, four, or 12 telephone calls over a pair of wires or 16 telegrams over a single telephone channel. In 1939, construction of a high-frequency three-channel line between Moscow and Khabarovsk (8,600 km) provided dependable communication between the USSR central regions and the Far East. By late 1940, the Moscow Central Telegraph Office had 22 facsimile lines. In 1941, a 12-channel line between Moscow and Leningrad was put into operation that meant the concurrent transmission of 12 telephone calls over a single pair of wires.[5]
In the 1930s, the rural (intraraion) telephone communication was first set up. In 1940, it reached 70% of the areas under rural soviets, 76.3% of the sovkhozes, and 9.2% of the kolkhozes.[5]
The radio broadcasting network experienced significant expansion. In the early 1930s, the Comintern Radio Station, with a power of 500 kW, was constructed along with a number of other stations with a power of 100 kW each. The receiving network was augmented, while a system for wired broadcasting via rebroadcasting centres was arranged. Regular television programming was initiated in 1939.[5]
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, steady communication was organised between the General Headquarters of the Supreme Command and the fronts. Soviet postal service administered by the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR delivered billions of letters via the postal network and the military postal units of the army in the field.[5] Up to 70 million parcels per month were delivered to the Soviet Army front from the rear under extremely difficult and often very dangerous conditions.
Because of the war time, almost half the telephone offices became inoperative but were restored soon after the war. By 1948, telephone system capacity and number of installed telephone sets exceeded the prewar level.[5]
In the postwar times, mail service had undergone quantitative and qualitative changes. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was transformed into the Ministry of Communications.[6]
As a ministry (1946–1991)
It was originally set up as an all-Union ministry, and in December 1954 transformed into a Union-Republican one.[7]
The Ministry of Communications of the USSR was responsible for the maintenance and further development of all types of communications in general use, and technical means of radio and television broadcasting. It was also in charge of the periodicals distribution as well as the provision of technological progress in the industry, the quality of communication services, and the most complete and continuous needs of the country media and communication services. Additionally, the Ministry was responsible for issuing postage stamps and postal stationery (envelopes, postcards, etc.), which were used in the postal system of the Soviet Union.
The government also tried to generate money from stamp sales abroad. However, at the beginning this amount was quite small as compared, for example, to the total of 522.6 million rubles for all Soviet exports during 1923–1924. Since 1929, the Soviet government had started paying more attention to this revenue source and selling more stamps abroad. Such sales had both financial and propagandistic objectives.[8]
Another telephone hatch version, with the official emblem of the Commissariat, Kharkov, 1929
Revenue stamp issued by the Commissariat to support radio broadcasting that depicts A.S. Popov, 1926
1932–1946
The People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was responsible for issuing postage stamps. It also sold stamps to philatelic organisations and collectors. By 1939–1940, the revenue from stamp sales through philatelic organisations was significant. In that same year, it secured over 85% of the total income of the Commissariat (or 17.28 million rubles of 19.833 million rubles). The Soviet government was not an exception among the other states in terms of deriving a profit from the postage stamp trade. In fact, many governments around the world developed similar policies for issuing stamps:[8]
Most stamps, particularly in the 1920s and afterwards, lost their purely postal character in favour of other ends. Some countries began to give philatelic issues their special attention in order to derive a sizable part of the national income from the sale of stamps.
— Carlos Stoetzer, "Postage Stamps as Propaganda", Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1953, 2.
Telegramme of the People's Commissariat for Communications sent to freed Kharkov, 1944
Stamp issued by the People's Commissariat for Communications to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the invention of radio by A.S. Popov, 1945
Letterhead of the Kharkov City Post Office, People's Commissariat for Communications, 1946
Departments
The Ministry included two major departments:[7][9]
General Directorate of Post, whose administrative tasks were organization and management of the postal system in the USSR, and
General Directorate of Periodicals Distribution Soyuzpechat (later, the Central Retail and Subscription Agency Soyuzpechat and since 1994, JSC 'Agency Rospechat') that was also in charge of organizing trade of philatelic materials through its unit, the “Soyuzpechat” Central Philatelic Agency [Wikidata] (CPA).
^Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Народный комиссариат почт и телеграфов СССР" [People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь. ISBN5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^ abДавыдов, Г. Б. (1977). "Связь" [Economy]. In Прохоров, А. М. (ed.). Economy Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian and English). Vol. 24 (кн. 2) (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia]. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Народный комиссариат связи СССР" [People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Народный комиссариат связи СССР" [People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^ abcdeДавыдов, Г. Б. (1977). "Связь" [Economy]. In Прохоров, А. М. (ed.). Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian and English). Vol. 24 (кн. 2) (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia]. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Министерство связи СССР" [Ministry of Communications of the USSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^ abВладинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Министерство связи СССР" [Ministry of Communications of the USSR]. In Vladinets, N. I.; Yakobs, V. A. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). М. [Moscow]: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN978-5-256-00175-9. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^История Агентства [History of the Agency]. About Us (in Russian). JSC "Agency Rospechat". Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^Прохоров, А. М., ed. (1971). "Вестник связи" [Vestnik Sviazi]. Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian and English). Vol. 4 (Брасос – Веш) (3rd ed.). М. [Moscow]: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia].
^Прохоров, А. М., ed. (1977). "Филателия СССР" [Filateliia SSSR]. Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian and English). Vol. 27 (Ульяновск – Франкфорт) (3rd ed.). М. [Moscow]: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia].
Sources
Давыдов, Г. Б. [Davydov, G. B.] (1977). "Связь" [Economy]. In Прохоров, А. М. (ed.). Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979) [The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian and English). Vol. 24 (кн. 2) (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик) (3rd ed.). М. [Moscow]: Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia].((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
