Premodern Japan
Imperial seal of Japan
Part of a series on the politics and
government of Japan during the
Nara and Heian periods
Daijō-daijin
Minister of the LeftSadaijin
Minister of the RightUdaijin
Minister of the CenterNaidaijin
Major CounselorDainagon
Middle CounselorChūnagon
Minor CounselorShōnagon
Eight Ministries
CenterNakatsukasa-shō  
CeremonialShikibu-shō
Civil AdministrationJibu-shō
Popular AffairsMinbu-shō
WarHyōbu-shō
JusticeGyōbu-shō
TreasuryŌkura-shō
Imperial HouseholdKunai-shō
The Imperial Household Ministry in Meiji era

The Ministry of the Imperial Household (宮内省, Kunai-shō) was a division of the eighth century Japanese government of the Imperial Court in Kyoto,[1] instituted in the Asuka period and formalized during the Heian period. The Ministry was reorganized in the Meiji period and existed until 1947, before being replaced by the Imperial Household Agency.

Overview

The needs of the Imperial Household has changed over time. The ambit of the Ministry's activities encompassed, for example:

History

When this government agency was initially established in 645, it functioned as a tax collector on Imperial land.[3] The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were refined and regulated in the Taiho Code, which was promulgated in 701-702 during the reign of Emperor Monmu. The fundamental elements of this system evolved over the course of centuries, but the basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration.[4]

This Ministry came to be responsible for everything to do with supporting the Emperor and the Imperial Family.[3] Significant modifications were introduced in 1702, 1870, and 1889.[5] It was reorganized into the Imperial Household Office (宮内府, Kunai-fu) in 1947, with its staff size was downscaled from 6,200 to less than 1,500, and the Office was placed under the Prime Minister of Japan. In 1949, the Imperial Household Office became the Imperial Household Agency (the current name), and placed under the fold of the newly created Prime Minister's Office (総理府, Sōri-fu), as an external agency attached to it.

In 2001, the Imperial Household Agency was organizationally re-positioned under the Cabinet Office (内閣府, Naikaku-fu).

Hierarchy

The court developed a supporting bureaucracy which was exclusively focused on serving the needs of the Imperial Household .[6] Among the ritsuryō officials within this ministry structure were:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The deliberate redundancies at the top are features of each position in this remarkably stable hierarchic schema. Many positions would mirror the -kyō, -taifu, -shō, -jō, and -sakan pattern.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kawakami, Karl Kiyoshi. (1903). The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan, pp. 36-38., p. 36, at Google Books
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kawakami, p. 38 n3,, p. 38, at Google Books citing Ito Hirobumi, Commentaries on the Japanese Constitution, p. 87 (1889).
  3. ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Kunaishō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 574., p. 574, at Google Books
  4. ^ Imperial Household Agency: History
  5. ^ "Ministry of the Imperial Household", Catholic Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ Ministry of Emperor's Household, Sheffield.
  7. ^ Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 272.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 433., p. 433, at Google Books
  9. ^ Samurai Archives: "Ritsuryō Government Positions."
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Titsingh, p. 434., p. 434, at Google Books
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Titsingh, p. 435., p. 435, at Google Books
  12. ^ Titsingh, p. 435: n.b., this courtier doesn't actually serve the emperor directly; rather, he is only the overseer of those who are actual cupbearers (buzen).
  13. ^ Titsingh, pp. 425-435., p. 425, at Google Books

References

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