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((More citations needed|date=November 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2018))
((Use Indian English|date=December 2018))
'''Mizo Union''' (6 April 1946 – 12 January 1974) was the first [[political party]] in [[Mizoram]], [[northeast India]]. It was founded on 6 April 1946 at [[Aizawl]] as the Mizo Common People's Union. At the time of [[Independence Day (India)|independence of India]] from the [[british rule in india]] in 1947, the party was the only political force in the [[Lushai Hills]] (former name of Mizoram).  It won the first Mizoram District Council general election under the new [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1951, and consecutively in 1957, 1962 and 1966.

However, the [[mautam]] (bamboo famine) of 1958 and its protégé [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|insurgency in 1966]] downgraded its status, so that the party was compelled to dissolve in 1974 and merged with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=bar>((cite book|author=Bareh HM |title= Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram|year=2007 |orig-year=2001|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JlHhTlPpanIC|pages=18–19 |isbn = 978-8170997924 |publisher=Krishan Mittal for Mittal Publications|location= New Delhi (India)))</ref><ref name=fer>((cite journal|author=Fernandes W|title= Conflict in North-East: A Historical Perspective |year=1999| journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume =34 |issue=51|pages=3579–3582 |jstor = 4408734))</ref>

== History ==

Mizo Union was the upshot of administrative preparation when the [[british imperialism|British occupation]] of India was about to end. The British administrators initiated forming local representatives to maintain law and order. However, the Mizo leaders, especially the central organisation [[Young Mizo Association|Young Lushai Association]] (YLA), preferred complete [[independence]] from India, and made a [[boycott]] against the British orders. At the onset, there even was a proposal to turn YLA into a political party.<ref name=bim>((cite web |author= Bimola K |title= Changing Pattern of State Politics – V |date= 21 November 2012 |language= |trans-title=|url= http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=4101| work=The People's Chronicle|publisher= |accessdate=2013-05-21))</ref>  The learned men were urged the need to create an entirely political organisation. R. Vanlawma and P.S. Dahrawka then prepared a constitution of what they eventually called the ''Mizo Common People's Union''. After recruiting members, the party was formally established on 6 April 1946 with R. Vanlawma becoming the General Secretary and Convener. After a discussion the name was simplified to ''Mizo Union'' and the first officials were elected on 25 May 1946. The premier businessman Pachhunga became the first President. Immediately the party gained unprecedented support from the general public throughout the land. This was largely because of the general [[anachronism|anachronistic attitude]] towards [[tribal chiefdom]] and their British allies, who wearied them with [[tax|levies]] and [[forced labour]]. But the momentum of popularity had its drawbacks. The freshly educated recruits formed an intellectual group and [[usurper|usurped]] against the party leaders, who were not highly educated, which was the main issue. The intellectuals mounted a coup in the party's first general meeting on 24–26 September of that year, which led to the resignation of Pachhunga and elimination of other leaders. Then the only remaining of the original official, Vice President Lalhema became the President, who unfortunately was also a petty businessman and still with a deficit in education. This issue erupted in the November meeting, and election in the early 1947 clearly toppled Lalhema, ousted by Khawtinkhuma, a fresh [[Master of Arts|master's degree]] holder from [[Tripura]]. The trailblazers were forced to unite into an offshoot party which they named the ''Mizo Union Council''. This for a time formed a public and religious [[chasm]]s in Aizawl as the Mizo Union was supported by the educated class and commoners, and also mostly by church leaders. Whereas the new party was espoused by the influences of the [[philanthropist]] Pachhunga, who were mostly well-to-do entrepreneurs and the tribal chiefs. Thus Aizawl was divided into a southern Mizo Union dominion with its headquarters at Thakthing and northern Mizo Union Council territory having its office at Pachhunga's residence at Dawrpui.

=== UMFO ===

In early 1947 Khawtinkhuma was offered a regular government job, and was succeeded by [[Zairema|Pastor Zairema]], who was supported by the [[Presbyterian Church]], on 18 January. But there was an internal turmoil incited by Lalbiaktluanga, who as the Vice President rightly claimed the presidency, but to no avail. Dispirited Lalbiaktluanga and his sympathisers departed with the creation of a new party, the ''United Mizo Freedom Organisation'' (UMFO), on 5 July 1947. The main [[propaganda]] of UMFO was to join the administrative state of [[Burma]] instead of India or independence. UMFO eventually absorbed the supporters of the Mizo Union Council, thereby becoming the only political rival. At the election to Advisory Council of Mizoram, the first democratic election under independent India, Mizo Union received a massive win (23 against 1 for UMFO). This resulted not only in the loss of Burma inclination, but the eventual demise of UMFO. When the Mizoram District Council was created by the [[Government of India]], the first general election in April 1952 was cleanly captured by Mizo Union (17 out of 18 [[Electoral district|electorate]]s), and President [[Lalsawia]] became the first Chief Executive Member.<ref>((cite web |author= lushai_er |title= Mizoram a Political Party hrang hrang te !|date= 31 October 2012 |language=Mizo |trans-title=Political Parties in Mizoram |url= http://www.misual.com/2012/10/31/mizoram-a-political-party-hrang-hrang-te/| work=mi(sual).com|publisher= |accessdate=2013-05-21))</ref><ref name=nun>((cite book|author=Nunthara C |title= Mizoram: Society and Polity |year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC |pages=127–133 |isbn = 8173870594 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location= New Delhi (India)))</ref>

=== Detriment and diminish ===

If one person is to be singled out for the rise and fall of Mizo Union, it would invariably be an astute Ch. Saprawnga. From the start he was the instigator of the first coup in 1946. When the party won the first governmental election in 1952, at the time Mizoram was a district of [[Assam]], Saprawnga as the leader of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] members from Mizoram, was offered as an honour the position on Parliamentary Secretary under the ruling Assam Congress Party. The ever strategic Saprawnga declined and unexpectedly returned to the Mizoram District and cast a [[motion of no confidence]] against CEM Lalsawia, who he eventually replaced. The ingenious Saprawnga then designated Lalsawia as an Executive Member to the dismay of the party, especially the then President R. Thanhlira. After feud and friction in the party, Thanhlira conceded to resigning the presidency. This led to factional divide of the party into two, Saprawnga's and Lalsawia's sides. The split in the party paid a serious blow when they almost lost to UMFO (11 against 8) in the 1957 election. To the blessing of Saprawnga, UMFO and Lalsawia with his clique decided to join a Meghalaya-based Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU) party in October 1957, so that Saprawnga was left with the sole political party of the land.<ref name=fer/><ref name=nun/>

=== Dissolution ===
The principal goal of the Mizo Union, which was to [[subversion|subjugate]] customary tribal administration, was quite fulfilled by the creation of the democratic administration of the District Council. But the other causes - independence and greater Mizoram - were not. The original aspiration of sovereignty was immediately subdued, and the attempt for unification of all Mizo tribes into a united state was a total failure. Instead the party was more and more engrossed in the Indian politics, to the disappointment of many, and this was one of the basic factors of the rise of [[Mizo National Front]] and the eventual [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|uprising]]. The party had no agenda for promotion of [[ethnic identity]] and social backlashes. This shortcoming was compounded by the [[Mautam|1959 famine]], as the ruling party was held incapable of solving the socio-economic crisis, and was accused of indifference towards the suffering of the people. This prompted the organisation of Mizo National Front which attempted to alleviate the situation as one agenda, and a renewed struggle for independence as the other. These policies, as before, were closer to the sentiments of the people, and actually the sealed the fate of the Mizo Union. A scheduled 1966 election could not be held due to the insurgency, and internal politics as a whole was crushed. Mizo Union was gradually disintegrating. The party assembly on 12 January 1974 therefore resolved to dissolve the party entirely and merged with [[Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee]]. Although a few devotees of the party recreated the ''Mizo Union Party'' on 17 March 1974, they failed to make political landmarks.<ref name=bar/>

== Ideology ==

Mizo Union arose from the irate commoners of [[anachronism]] of the tribal administrative system, in which a [[tribal chief]] had an absolute power on the welfare of the citizens, and that most often was exercised in prejudice. The original bearing "Common" was expressly clear that it was a force to overthrow the oppressive tribal governance of the chiefs, which was further exploited by the British. For this reason alone it readily gained support from majority of the population.<ref>((cite web |author= Lalhmanmawia C |title= Mizo Insurgency Vis-as-vis Human Rights|date= 21 June 2011 |language= |trans-title=|url= http://www.preservearticles.com/201106218318/mizo-insurgency-vis-as-vis-human-rights.html| work=preservearticles.com|publisher= PreserveArticles.com |accessdate=2013-05-21))</ref>  The 1947 conference explicitly voted against the oppressive tribal administration and demanded total abolition of: 1) construction works by forced labour; 2) [[paddy field|paddy]] tax to the chief; 3) the chief's authoritative judgement of disputes; and 4) meat tax to the chief. The other central motive of Mizo Union was to claim independent and [[sovereign state]] for Mizoram instead of becoming a part of Indian union. This aspiration also carried the unification of all Mizo clans into a single administrative area, that is to bring all lands inhabited by Mizo tribes including those of [[Cachar]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]] and [[Chin Hills]] into a united state. On the eve of the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]] the party organised the first ever grand procession in Mizoram in which they cried out the slogan of independence. On the day of independence on 15 August 1947, they planned for a more jubilant demonstration. However, the Mizo Union Council, which had turned to [[patronage|patronise]] the tribal chiefs, warned them of physical opposition to such [[protest march]], even to the extent of taking up [[weapon|arms]], and the rally was called off for fear of bloodshed.<ref name=nun/>

The political aspiration shifted its direction when the intellectual group overtook the party administration. Although the fundamental objective remained independence, there was an influential view that the party should go for [[autonomy]] of some sort under the Indian Union.  Leaders of the party were on good terms with the [[Indian National Congress]]. The first General Assembly in 1946 had resolved that upon Indian Independence, the Lushai Hills must be integrated to Assam.<ref name=bim/> It was then in January 1947 that President Khawtinkhuma and Secretary Vanṭhuama wrote to the President of the Constituent Assembly of India that representative of the Mizo Union should be included in the Advisory Committee for the Tribal Areas of Assam.<ref name=chau-sp>((cite book|author=Chaube SK |title= Mizoram: Society and Polity |year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC |pages=157–180 |isbn = 8173870594 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location= New Delhi (India)))</ref> They submitted a [[memorandum]] to the Bordoloi Committee that they agreed the incorporation of the then Lushai Hills to the Indian Union, however, on the condition "that the Lushai’s will be allowed to opt out of the Indian Union when willing to do so subject to a minimum period of ten years."<ref>((cite web|author= ZORO|title= Reunification movement after the British rule in India|date= |language= |trans-title= |url= http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_1921|work= zogam.org|publisher= Zomi-Reunification Organisation|accessdate= 2013-05-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120813074921/http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_1921|archive-date= 13 August 2012|url-status= dead))</ref><ref>((cite book|author=Go KJ |title= Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe|year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1jeaS8yXIj8C|pages=138–142 |isbn = 9788183242103 |publisher=Mittal Publications|location= New Delhi (India)))</ref> Then, at the turn of 1960, the attitude redirected towards permanent statehood under India. The party convention on 10 June 1963 made a resolution to demand for a Mizo state, that should include all Mizo-inhabited areas of Lushai Hills, Tripura, Assam and Manipur.<ref name=chau-hill>((cite book|author=Chaube SK |title= Hill Politics In North East India|year=1999 |orig-year=1973| edition=2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u9zZqLe-9K4C|isbn = 8125016953 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited|location= New Delhi (India)))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==

*[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm#MAUTAM%20FAMINE: Mizoram History]
*[https://archive.today/20130704085904/http://msabangalore.org/mizoram-politics-bullam-kha Bangalore Mizo Students Association]
*[http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr98/fo1198/fo1311984.html MIZORAM VIDHAN SABHA ELECTION 1998]
*[http://www.mizoramonline.in/About/profile/History/index.html Mizoramonline: Mizoram History]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120813075149/http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_1911 Zomi-Reunification Organisation]
*[http://www.ritimo.org/article889.html Ritimo]

((DEFAULTSORT:Mizo Union))
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Mizoram]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1946]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1974]]

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