Moa Island, also called Banks Island, is an island of the Torres Strait Islandsarchipelago that is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Thursday Island in the Banks Channel of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia.[2] It is also a locality within the Torres Strait Island Region local government area.[3] This island is the largest within the "Near Western" group. It has two towns, Kubin on the south-west coast and St Pauls on the east coast, which are connected by bitumen and a gravel road.[4][5] In the 2016 census, Moa Island had a population of 448 people.[1]
Geography
Moa Island is a part of the Torres Strait's western island group and is the second largest island in the Torres Strait.[6] There are 2 communities on Moa: Kubin community, located on the southern side of the island, and St Paul's community, located to the north. The communities are connected by a road.
History
The Mualgal /muwal̪gal̪/ people traditionally formed two groups, the southern Italgal /ital̪gal̪/ and the northern Mualgal, and are the traditional owners of the island and refer to the island as 'Mua' or Moa.[7][8]
Captain William Bligh, in charge of the British Navy ships Providence and Assistant, visited Torres Strait in 1792 and mapped the main reefs and channels. The island was named Banks Island by Captain Bligh in honour of his patron and friend, the botanist Sir Joseph Banks.[9][10] In the 1860s, beche-de-mer (sea cucumber) and pearling boats began working the reefs of Torres Strait but few Europeans visited Moa before the 1870s. The European beche-de-mer and pearling boats extensively worked the sea beds between Moa and Badu Islands in the 1870s and recruited local Islander men to work on their boats. A small pearling station was established on Moa Island by John Gay between 1872 and 1875.[11][12]
In 1872, the Queensland Government sought to extend its jurisdiction and requested the support of the British Government.[13]Letters Patent were issued by the British Government in 1872 creating a new boundary for the colony, which encompassed all islands within a 60 nautical mile radius of the coast of Queensland.[14] This boundary was further extended by the Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 (Qld)[15][16] and included the islands of Boigu, Erub, Mer and Saibai, which lay beyond the previous 60 nautical mile limit. The new legislation enabled the Queensland Government to control and regulate bases for the beche-de-mer and pearling industries, which previously had operated outside its jurisdiction.[17]
Torres Strait Islanders refer to the arrival of London Missionary Society (LMS) missionaries in July 1871 as "the Coming of the Light". Reverend A W Murray and William Wyatt Gill were the first LMS missionaries to visit Moa Island in October 1872. South Sea Islander lay preachers were appointed as teachers to work on the island the following month. While the South Sea Islander teachers established a mission settlement at Totalai on the northern side of the island, by 1901 the settlement had been completely abandoned.[18][19]
A new settlement named Adam was established on the western side of the island during the 1900s. People from the villages of Totalai and Dabu moved to Adam under the leadership of Elder Abu Namai. The village of Adam had better access to the facilities of Badu Island, including its school and the stores and trading stations operated by Papuan Industries Limited (PIL).[20] PIL was a philanthropic business scheme designed by the LMS missionary Reverend Walker to promote "independent native enterprise" by encouraging them to co-operatively rent or purchase their own pearl luggers or "company boats". The company boats were used to harvest pearl shells and beche-de-mer, which were sold and distributed by PIL. The Queensland Government supported the scheme and worked in partnership with PIL. Company boats provided Islanders with income and a sense of community pride and also improved transport and communication between the islands.[21][22] The community at Adam operated a number of company boats including the Moa and the Adam. Men from Moa Island also regularly worked with pearling crews from Badu.[23]
In 1904, the Australian Government introduced a restrictive immigration policy, which resulted in the forced repatriation of many Pacific Islander labourers, following the federal government's introduction of a restrictive immigration policy in 1904, the Queensland Government set aside an Aboriginal reserve on Moa's eastern shore for those who had married Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people. In 1908 the Anglican Church began developing St. Paul's Mission. They also established the St. Paul's Native Training College. A community council was established under the Torres Strait Islander Act 1939, and in 1985, the St. Paul's community gained ownership of their land through a Deed of Grant in Trust.
Deaconess Florence Griffiths Buchanan (1861–1913)
On 20 May 1908, the Queensland government formally gazetted 500 acres as a reserve for the benefit of South Sea Islander people on the eastern side of Moa Island.[24][25][26] In 1908, with the encouragement of Hugh Milman (the government resident at Thursday Island), the Anglican Church founded a mission specifically for South Sea Islander families on the reserve land. Milman suggested that the new mission should be named St Pauls, after the famous St Paul's Cathedral in London.[27] The mission was operated by Deaconess Florence Griffiths Buchanan who was a missionary teacher. Her work was described as "the labor of patient untiring love and energy" and she was much loved by the children, who she called "Moabites" and who called her "Teashher" (teacher) in return).[28][29]
Apart from its religious purpose, St Paul's Mission was intended to be a self-supporting settlement through a mixture of agriculture, fishing and the weaving of mats and baskets. The mission was at the foot of a mountain known as the Great Peak to the south-west of the island. The village was built on flat ground between the beach and the scrub lands at the foot of the mountain. The houses were built on piles and made of grass and saplings. In 1912 there were 70 people at the settlement with expectations it would increase. Until June 1910, the settlement received no outside help but from that date the Queensland Government provided a grant of £120 per annum to "educate the natives". At that time, the government also doubled the size of the mission lands in recognition of the progress in establishing gardens and coconut plantations. The mission owed a cutterBengal, which operated between Thursday Island and Moa as well as visiting neighbouring islands. By 1912 £40 had already been raised to build a church, as the services were being held in the schoolroom which also served as a hospital and Buchanan's residence.[28]
From 1911, Ethel Zahel visited Adam (later Poid) village to assist the councillors and, after 1915, to supervise the mission-trained native teacher. In 1928 a European teacher was appointed.[30]
In November 1912, 36,000 acres of land on Moa Island were officially gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve by the Queensland Government, exclusive of the land already gazetted for the South Sea Islanders. Many other Torres Strait Islands were gazetted as Aboriginal reserves at the same time.[31] In 1922, the name of the settlement at Adam was changed to Poid.[32]
By 1918, a Protector of Aboriginals had been appointed to Thursday Island and, during the 1920s and 1930s, racial legislation was strictly applied to Torres Strait Islanders, enabling the government to remove Islanders to reserves and missions across Queensland.
In the early 1920s, the Queensland Government made the decision to remove the Kaurareg people from Hammond Island, publicly stating that their close proximity to Thursday Island encouraged drunkenness and immorality in the community. Preparations for the removal began in 1921 with the construction of new quarters at Poid on Moa Island.[33][34][35] In March 1922, the Kaurareg community were forcibly removed by government authorities from Hammond Island and transported to Moa Island on a Papuan Industries vessel named Goodwill. Three members of the Hammond Island community who protested against the removal were arrested without charge by police armed with revolvers.[36][37][38][39]
The London Missionary Society church on Moa Island, 1934
In 1936, around 70% of the Torres Strait Islander workforce went on strike in the first organised challenge against government authority made by Torres Strait Islanders. The nine-month strike was an expression of Islanders' anger and resentment at increasing government control of their livelihoods. The strike was a protest against government interference in wages, trade and commerce and also called for the lifting of evening curfews, the removal of the permit system for inter-island travel, and the recognition of Islanders' right to recruit their own boat crews.[40][41]
The strike produced a number of significant reforms and innovations. Unpopular local Protector J.D McLean was removed and replaced by Cornelius O'Leary. O'Leary established a system of regular consultations with elected Islander council representatives. The new island councils were given a degree of autonomy including control over local police and courts.[42]
On 23 August 1937, O'Leary convened the first Inter Islander Councillors' Conference at Yorke Island. Representatives from 14 Torres Strait communities attended the conference. Wees Nawie and Sailor represented Poid at the conference. After lengthy discussions, unpopular bylaws, including the evening curfews, were cancelled and a new code of local representation was agreed upon.[43][44] In 1939, the Queensland Government passed the Torres Strait Islanders Act 1939, which incorporated many of the recommendations discussed at the conference. A key section of the new Act officially recognised Torres Strait Islanders as a separate people from Aboriginal Australians.[45][46]
During the 1920s and 1930s, the settlement at Poid experienced regular epidemics of malaria and dengue fever, as well as shortages of fresh water.[47] In 1943, the community at Poid made the decision to move to a new location named Kubin, situated on the south-west coast of Moa Island. The country near Kubin had fresh water springs and was believed to be a far healthier environment than Poid. By 1945, a church and school had been constructed at Kubin and the entire population of Poid had moved to the new settlement.[48]
During World War Two, the Australian Government recruited Torres Strait Islander men to serve in the armed forces. Enlisted men from Moa and other island communities formed the Torres Strait Light Infantry. While the Torres Strait Light Infantry were respected as soldiers, they only received one third the pay given to white Australian servicemen. On 31 December 1943, members of the Torres Strait Light Infantry went on strike calling for equal pay and equal rights.[49] The Australian Government agreed to increase their pay to two thirds the level received by white servicemen. Full back pay was offered in compensation to the Torres Strait servicemen by the government in the 1980s.[50][49]
The mineral wolfram was discovered on Moa Island in the 1930s and members of the Kubin and St Pauls communities began mining wolfram in 1938. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Rev Alf Clint established a Christian co-operative which ran mining operations on the island.[51] All mining activity ceased on the island in 1973, when the price of the mineral dropped on world markets.[52][53][54]
In 1946, a group of 10 Kaurareg men from Kubin community, led by Elekiam Tom, made the decision to move to Horn Island. They built houses and a church for their families in an area inland from the main wharf, which came to be known as Wasaga village. Other Islanders from Kubin community left the Torres Strait region to work on the Australian mainland.[55][56]
St Pauls State School opened on 29 January 1985.[57]
After gaining its independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to the islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the two countries and the use of the sea area by both parties.[58][59] The Torres Strait Treaty, which has operated since February 1985, contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries.[60] Free movement between communities applies to traditional activities such as fishing, trading and family gatherings which occur in a specifically created Protected Zone and nearby areas.[61] The Protected Zone also assists in the preservation and protection of the land, sea, air and native plant and animal life of the Torres Strait.[62]
In the 2016 census, Moa Island had a population of 448 people.[1]
On 1 January 2017, St Pauls State School became the St Pauls Campus of the Tagai State College, which has 17 campuses throughout the Torres Strait.[57][63]
Cultural groups
Kubin is a community largely made up of the original Italgal, the Mualgal from north Moa, some of the Kulkalgal of Nagi, and the Kaiwalgal (Kaurareg) people, who were moved to Poid, on the southwestern corner of Moa Island in 1921.[64] Poid was abandoned after World War II; one group moving back to their Narupai (Horn Island) homeland and the remainder moved southeast to Kubin to be able to see their homeland under the leadership of Wees Nawia.[8]
Local government
On 30 March 1985, the Kubin community elected 3 councillors to constitute an autonomous Kubin Island Council. On 21 October 1985, the council area, previously an Aboriginal reserve held by the Queensland Government, was transferred to the trusteeship of the council under a Deed of Grant in Trust.[65][66][67]
In 2007, the Local Government Reform Commission recommended that the 15 Torres Strait Island councils be abolished and the Torres Strait Island Regional Council be established in their place. The first Torres Strait Islands Regional Council (TSIRC) was elected on 15 March 2008 in elections conducted under the Local Government Act 1993.[68]
Languages
The language of Kubin is Kala Lagaw Ya (Muwalgau/Italgau and Kaiwalgau sub-dialects), while that of St. Pauls is Brokan (Torres Strait Creole), though many people are bilingual in Kala Lagaw Ya.
^S Mullins, Torres Strait, A History of Colonial Occupation and Culture Contact 1864-1897 (Central Queensland University Press, 1994), 139-161.
^S Mullins, Torres Strait, A History of Colonial Occupation and Culture Contact 1864-1897 (Central Queensland University Press, 1994), 21
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 192-195.
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 201-202.
^R Ganter, The Pearl Shellers of Torres Straits (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1994) 68-75
^N Sharp, Stars of Tagai, The Torres Strait Islanders (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1993) 158-161.
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 204-210.
^The size of the reserve was increased to 2000 acres in 1909, see Queensland Government Gazette (1908) vol.1, 1303
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Chief Protector of Aboriginals for 1908 (1909) 24
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Chief Protector of Aboriginals for 1909 (1910) 19
^T Hall-Matthews, From Village to Mission then Community, Celebrating the Centenary of St. Paul's – Mua Island (Carpentaria Consulting Services, Yungaburra, 2004) 16-17.
^Lawrie, Margaret (1990). "Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
^Queensland Government Gazette, vol.99, no.138 (1912) 1330.
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 222.
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Chief Protector of Aboriginals for 1921(1921) 7
^Queensland State Archives, Home Secretary's Correspondence, HOM/J538, 1925/228, removal of Hammond islanders
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 203-204.
^N Sharp, Footprints Along the Cape York Sandbeaches (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1992) 110-112
^J Beckett, Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987), 64-65
^"Clint, William Alfred (1906–1980)". Australian Dictionary of Biography: William Alfred Clint. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Department of Native Affairs for 1939(1940) 4
^N Sharp, Footprints Along the Cape York Sandbeaches (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1992), 169-170
^A Shnukal, 'Wolfram Mining and the Christian Co-operative Movement' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 349-383.
^N Sharp, Footprints Along the Cape York Sandbeaches (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1992), 113 -116
^A Shnukal, 'Historical Mua' (2008) vol.4, 2, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 274, 288.
^The Kubin Island Council was established under the Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984. The Act conferred local government type powers and responsibilities upon Torres Strait Islander councils for the first time
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Department of Community Services for 1987 (1988) 29
^Queensland, Annual Report of the Department of Community Services for 1986(1987) 3
^In the elections conducted under the Local Government Act 1993 members of the 15 communities comprising the TSIRC local government area each voted for a local councillor and a Mayor to constitute a council consisting of 15 councillors plus a mayor.
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