A Mocko Jumbie (also known as "Moko Jumbi", "Moko Jumbie", or "Mocko Jumbi") is a traditional stilt walker or spirit dancer, ingrained in the cultural heritage of the U.S. Virgin Islands for over 200 years. Originating from West African traditions, these cultural practices were introduced to the Caribbean island by enslaved individuals during the 19th century, forming an intricate tapestry of their heritage and history. [1]
The term "Mocko" comes from Central Africa, where it is written as "Moko," symbolizing an Orisha healer. "Jumbie" is a term commonly used for malevolent entities across the Caribbean[2] [3] from the Kongo language word "zumbi."[4] Through the combination of these elements, the name Mocko Jumbie signifies the fusion of African and Caribbean influences within this spiritual dance practice.[4]
Although stilt masquerades have a historical presence across multiple Caribbean locales such as Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, St. Kitts-Nevis, and Trinidad, due to the efforts of local practitioners they have come to be particularly associated with the U.S. Virgin Islands.[5] This tradition is prominently featured on the logo of the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Tourism.[6][7]
For a century or more prior to 1952, when Carnival was revived as an annual event in St. Thomas, masqueraders would perform in the streets and visit people's homes on Christmas, New Year's Day, and other festive occasions such as Whitsun (or Whit). Historically, the appearance of the Jumbie is considered a good omen.
The Mocko Jumbie dancer is generally covered from head to toe in elaborate colorful garb, hats, gloves, and facial coverings. In the mid 1800's, the traditional costume in the U.S. Virgin Islands was a European woman's dress, adorned with African motifs and layered petticoats. It wasn't until the 1960's, prompted by numerous inquisitive onlookers attempting to peek beneath the dress and disrupting the delicate balance of the stilt dancers, that trousers were incorporated into the contemporary costume.
These towering icons mesmerize audiences with one-of-a-kind breathtaking dances atop stilts, gracefully moving to festive music. Their performances blend elements of jumping-motions with daring athletic displays, all executed with precision in elaborate choreographies. Jumbies are integral to festivals and celebrations, often seen front and center at various Caribbean carnivals around the world.
The Mocko Jumbie embodies more than just entertainment; it serves as a powerful symbol of spiritual protection and cultural heritage. The Orisha, Moko, comes from the various African cultures such as the Kongo (or Congo), and Nigeria, from the Maasai people. He was revered as a guardian figure in African villages, whose towering stature granted him the ability to perceive malevolence before it was visible to ordinary individuals. With these influences, Mocko Jumbies bestow blessings upon those in their presence, warding off evil-spirits[8].
Culturally, the Mocko Jumbie stands as a beacon of cultural identity and pride. Beyond mere movement, the dance becomes a profound means of connecting with one's roots, preserving ancestral customs, and fostering a deep sense of belonging within Caribbean communities.
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Today, many Caribbean islands have adopted the festive ancestry of U.S. Virgin Islands, including Antigua, Bermuda, and Trinidad and Tobago to uphold the tradition of Mocko Jumbies as part of their vibrant local culture.[8] [9][10] [11]
Mocko Jumbies are also embraced in the contiguous United States, notably by Caribbean-Americans who incorporate these cultural dancers into their festivities, celebrating their heritage.
Training programs dedicated to Mocko Jumbie performance cater to the younger generations, providing them with opportunities to master the artistry and cultural significance of being a Jumbie. Through structured instruction and mentorship, aspiring performers learn the intricate techniques and historical context of spirit-dancing, ensuring the seamless preservation of a rich cultural heritage for future generations. [12][13]
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Tourism of the U.S. Virgin Islands embraced the Mocko Jumbie as a cultural symbol, further emphasizing the tradition's deep-rooted history on the island.[7]