Districts of the Czech Republic that comprise Moravian Wallachia in full (red) and in part (orange)

Moravian Wallachia (Czech: Moravské Valašsko, or simply Valašsko; Romanian: Valahia Moravă) is a mountainous ethnoregion located in the easternmost part of Moravia in the Czech Republic, near the Slovak border, roughly centered on the cities Vsetín, Valašské Meziříčí and Rožnov pod Radhoštěm.[1] The name Wallachia used to be applied to all the highlands of Moravia and the neighboring Silesia, although in the 19th century a smaller area came to be defined as ethno-cultural Moravian Wallachia. The traditional dialect represents a mixture of elements from the Czech and Slovak languages, and has a distinct lexicon of Romanian origin relating to the pastoral economy of the highlands. The name originated from the term "Vlach", the exonym of Romanians.

Geography and anthropology

Veřovice hills, typical landscape of Wallachia.

Moravian Wallachia is a mountainous region located in the easternmost part of Moravia in the Czech Republic, near the Slovak border, roughly centered on the cities Vsetín, Valašské Meziříčí and Rožnov pod Radhoštěm. It is part of the Western Carpathians.

It is bordered to the west with Lachia (Czech: Lašsko) along the Štramberk–Příbor–Frýdek line (according to Šembera) or according to dialectology (according to František Bartoš).[2]

Culture

Wallachian vernacular architecture: open-air museum (skansen) in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm.

The population is traditionally pastoralist. Although animal husbandry was long associated with agriculture practiced in the lowlands adjacent to the Western Carpathians, the Vlach methods and associated rituals of sheep and goat tending were unique and newly introduced by them, as were the introduction of grazing in the highlands and the emphasis upon the production of milk and cheese (bryndza), with other specific words like košár or kotár - sheep enclosure, čutora - water bottle, fujara - shepherd’s flute with a specific melancholic sound, koliba - cottage for shepherds, and bača - head shepherd entering the local language.[3] The "Vlach" dress are still important elements of the ethnography of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. The music of the area is thought to have been influenced by the Vlachs (e.g. see Lachian Dances), but it also represents a locally vibrant mixture of Vlach with Slovak, Czech, German, and Polish music cultures from the Tatras and Morava valley.[4][page needed]

History

Origin

It is unclear exactly why and when the Vlach migrations into what is today Czech Republic and Slovakia occurred.[5] According to Lozovan, the Vlachs were at first Romance-speaking, Orthodox Christian, transhumant pastoralists originating in Transylvania.[6] Kamusella notes that Vlachs migrated up along the Carpathians to Moravia between the 13th and 18th centuries and that most preserved Orthodox Christianity but were Slavicized.[7]

The distinct cultural heritage is also mirrored by the Y-chromosome genetic results, with Moravian Vlachs resembling isolated Balkan groups such as Aromanians more than the surrounding Central European populations.[8]

Early modern period

Moravian Vlach from Brumov, 1787

The Vlachs in eastern Moravia rose up during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). They fought successfully against Habsburg rule in 1620–23, and were initially supported by rebellious Protestant Hungarians. Having had all of Moravia east of the Morava river under their control by 1621, the Vlachs were defeated in 1623, after which a series of public executions took place. They renewed attacks in late 1623, and notably defeated a Polish contingent in March 1624. In 1625–30 Habsburg and Danish armies repeatedly crossed Moravia. The Vlachs joined the Danes, and later, the Swedes. After the Danish retreat in 1627, and Swedish retreat in 1643, the Habsburgs finally defeated the Vlachs in 1644.[9]

Modern period

From at least the mid-18th century the populace of Moravian Wallachia described itself as Wallachian. At that time, in German, the community was known as die Wallachey. Daniel Sloboda [de] replaced the term Ualachy (Vlahi) with Ualassko (Valasko), and defined the Moravian Wallach as a shepherd, and stressed that the term had nothing to do with Romanians. He noted that the speech was of elements of Polish and East Slavic dialects.[10]

In 1866, Hyde Clarke reported that the Moravians viewed the Moravian Vlachs (Wallachians) as an "alien race", but Slavic-speaking. They had characteristic habits and dress.[11]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ The Wallachian Village-a short history on Wallachian region. In open-air museum Rožnov Pod Radhoštěm 2012 [1] Archived 2017-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Kevin Hannan (1996). Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia. Peter Lang. pp. 67–71. ISBN 978-0-8204-3365-3.
  3. ^ Košťálová, Petra (2022). "Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia". OpenEdition.org. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  4. ^ Johnston 2010.
  5. ^ Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America (1968). Czechoslovakia Past and Present: Political, international, social, and economic aspects. Mouton. p. 686.
  6. ^ Lozovan 2015, p. 175.
  7. ^ Kamusella 2008, p. 64.
  8. ^ Ehler, Edvard; Vaněk, Daniel; Stenzl, Vlastimil; Vančata, Václav (June 2011). "Y-chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic: model for isolated population in Central Europe". Croatian Medical Journal. 52 (3): 358–367. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.358. PMC 3131682. PMID 21674832.
  9. ^ Polišenský 1971.
  10. ^ Kevin Hannan (1994). Language and Identity in a West Slavic Borderland: The Case of Teschen Silesia. University of Texas at Austin. pp. 124–125, 148.
  11. ^ The Anthropological Review. Trübner and Company. 1866. pp. 91–.

Further reading

External links

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