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((More citations needed|date=December 2009))
((short description|River in Russia))
((Infobox river
| name              = Moskva
| native_name       =((native name|ru|Москва))
| image             = Moskva kremlin 04 2007.jpeg
| image_caption     = The Moskva at the Kremlin in Moscow
| map               = Moskvarivermap.png
| map_caption       = Map of the Volga watershed with the Moskva highlighted; the two rivers are directly connected by the [[Moscow Canal]]
| map_size          = 250px
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Russia]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Moscow Oblast|Podmoskovye]]
| length            = ((convert|473|km|abbr=on))
| source1           = [[Moskva (river)| Moskva]]
| source1_location  = Sychiki, Podmoskovye
| source1_coordinates= ((Coord|55.514|35.364|format=dms|display=i))
| source1_elevation = ((Convert|246|m|ft|abbr=on))
| mouth             = [[Oka (river)|Oka]]
| mouth_location    = [[Kolomna]], Podmoskovye
| mouth_coordinates = ((coord|55.0753|38.8453|format=dms|region:RU|display=it))
| mouth_elevation   = ((Convert|98|m|ft|abbr=on))
| discharge1_avg    = 
| progression       = ((ROka))
| basin_size        = ((convert|17600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on))
| tributaries_left  = 
| tributaries_right = 
))

The '''Moskva''' (((lang-ru|река́ Москва́, Москва́-река́)), ''Moskvá-reká'') is a river that flows through [[European Russia|western Russia]]. It [[River source|rises]] about ((convert|140|km|abbr=on|-1)) west of [[Moscow]] and flows roughly east through the [[Smolensk Oblast|Smolensk]] and [[Moscow Oblast]]s, passing through central Moscow. About ((convert|110|km|abbr=on|-1)) southeast of Moscow, at the city of [[Kolomna]], it flows into the [[Oka (river)|Oka]], itself a tributary of the [[Volga]], which ultimately flows into the [[Caspian Sea]].

==History==
In addition to Finnic tribes, the Moskva River is also the origin of Slavic tribes such as the [[Vyatichi]] tribe.<ref>((Cite book|title=Ot Rusi do Rossii|last=Chubarʹi︠a︡n, A. O. (Aleksandr Oganovich) Danilevskiĭ, I. N. (Igorʹ Nikolaevich)|date=2009|publisher=OLMA Media Grupp|pages=121|oclc=891462599))</ref>
[[File:Moskva river 2020-07 Beloozersky.jpg|thumb|River pusher with barge on Moskva river (2020)]]

==Etymology==
((Main|Moscow#Etymology))
The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the river.<ref name="Vasmer">((Vasmer|Москва))</ref><ref name="Smol">((cite book |last1=Smolitskaya |first1=G.P. |title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii |script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России |date=2002 |pages=211–2017 |language=ru))</ref> Several theories of the origin of the name have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *''mŭzg''-/''muzg''- from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''((PIE|meu))''- "wet",<ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach">((cite book |editor-last=Trubachyov |editor-first=O.N. |editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov |title=Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov |script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь славянских языков |date=1994 |at=V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79 |language=ru))</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius Pokorny |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |chapter=meu |chapter-url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310064838/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |archive-date=March 10, 2016 ))</ref> so the name ''Moskva'' might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh.<ref name="Vasmer" /> Its [[cognate]]s include ((lang-ru|музга)), ((lang|ru-Latn|muzga)) "pool, puddle", ((lang-lt|mazgoti)) and ((lang-lv|mazgāt)) "to wash", ((lang-sa|májjati)) "to drown", ((lang-la|mergō)) "to dip, immerse".<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Trubach" /> In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, [[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]] and [[North Macedonia]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov|title=Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution|website=forebears.io|access-date=December 10, 2018|archive-date=December 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010136/https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov|url-status=live))</ref> Additionally, there are similarly named places in [[Poland]] like [[Mozgawa]].<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach" />

According to one the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] hypotheses, the [[Volga Finns|Merya]] and [[Muromians|Muroma]] people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river ''Mustajoki'' "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.<ref>((Cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |title=Ruotsin itämaa |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki |page=19))</ref> Various other theories (of [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasic]] origins), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists.<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" />

To distinguish the river and the city, Russians usually call the river ''Moskva-reka'' (Moskva river) instead of just ''Moskva''.

==Hydrology==
[[File:Moscow River Confluence.jpg|thumb|right|Moskva River in [[Kolomna]], just upstream from its confluence with the [[Oka River]]]]
[[File:Moscow river 1.jpg|thumb|right|Moskva River in central Moscow, view towards the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]]]]

The river is ((convert|473|km|mi|abbr=on)) long (or ((convert|502|km|mi|abbr=on))),<ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article078402.html Москва (река)], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> and the area of its [[drainage basin]] is ((convert|17,600|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on)).<ref name=gvr>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=178461 «Река МОСКВА»], Russian State Water Registry</ref> It has a vertical drop of ((convert|155|m|ft|abbr=on)) (long-term average). The maximum depth is ((convert|3|m|ft)) above Moscow city limits, and up to ((convert|6|m|ft)) below it.<ref>All numerical data: Russian: Энциклопедия "Москва", M, 1997 (''Encyclopedia of Moscow'', Moscow, 1997)</ref> Normally, it freezes in November–December and begins to thaw around late March. During an unusually warm winter in 2006–2007, ice began melting on January 25. The portion of the river running through Moscow only freezes occasionally on account of contamination.<ref>((Cite web |title=Moscow River |url=https://izi.travel/en/476b-moscow-river/en |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=IZI Travel |language=en))</ref>

The absolute water level in downtown Moscow is ((convert|120|m|ft)) above sea level (long-term average of summer lows after [[World War II]]); a historical maximum of ((convert|127.25|m|ft)) above sea level was set by the 1908 flood.<ref name="BM">Russian: Носарев В.А., Скрябина, Т.А., "Мосты Москвы", М, "Вече", 2004, стр.194 (''Bridges of Moscow'', 2004, p.194) ((ISBN|5-9533-0183-9))</ref>

==Sources of water==
The main tributaries of the Moskva are, from source to mouth:<ref name=gvr/>
((div col|colwidth=18em))
* [[Ruza (river)|Ruza]] (left)
* [[Istra (river)|Istra]] (left)
* [[Skhodnya (river)|Skhodnya]] (left)
* [[Setun (river)|Setun]] (right)
* [[Yauza (river)|Yauza]] (left)
* [[Pakhra]] (right)
* [[Pekhorka]] (left)
* [[Nerskaya]] (left)
* [[Severka (river)|Severka]] (right)
((div col end))

Sources of water are estimated as 61% thaw, 12% rain and 27% subterranean. Since completion of the [[Moscow Canal]] (1932–1937), the Moskva River has also collected a share of [[Volga|Upper Volga]] water. This has enabled reliable commercial shipping, which was previously interrupted by summer droughts (older dams built in 1785, 1836 and 1878 were not effective). The average [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]], including Volga waters, varies from ((convert|38|m³/s|abbr=on)) near [[Zvenigorod]] to ((convert|250|m³/s|abbr=on)) at the Oka inlet. The speed of the current, depending on the season, varies from ((convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on)) (winter, dams closed) to ((convert|1.5|-|2.0|m/s|abbr=on)) (May, dams open).

==Cities and towns==
[[File:Moskva River Boat.jpg|thumb|right|Boats on the Moskva River near the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|Luzhniki]] area of Moscow, with [[Novodevichy Convent]] at right]]

[[Moscow]] (((lang|ru|Москва́))), the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Russia, is situated on its banks. The river also flows through the towns of [[Mozhaysk]], [[Zvenigorod]], [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]], [[Bronnitsy]], [[Voskresensk]], and&nbsp;— at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka&nbsp;— [[Kolomna]]. As of 2007, there are [[List of bridges in Moscow|49 bridges]] across the Moskva River and its canals within Moscow city limits; the first stone bridge, [[Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge]], was erected in 1692. Within the city, the river is ((convert|120|-|200|m)) wide, the narrowest point being under the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] walls. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north-west of the city).

==Islands==
Canals, built within [[Moscow]] city limits, have created a number of islands. Some of them have names in Russian, some have none. Major, permanent islands (west to east) are:
*[[Serebryany Bor (park)]]. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s.
*[[Tatarskaya Poyma]], commonly known as ''Mnyovniki''. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s
*[[Island (Zamoskvorechye)|Balchug Island]], also known as Bolotny Ostrov, lying just opposite the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]]. The island was formed by the construction of the [[Vodootvodny Canal]] in the 1780s, and has no official name in Russian. Moscow residents informally call it "Bolotny Ostrov" (Bog Island) while members of Moscow's English-speaking community refer to it as ''Balchug''.
*One uninhabited island north of [[Nagatinsky Zaton District|Nagatino]].
*Three uninhabited islands east of [[Nagatinsky Zaton District|Nagatino]], connected by the [[Pererva]] [[dam]] and [[Lock (water transport)|lock]] system.

==Recreation==
[[File:Winter, decline on the Moskva River.JPG|right|thumb|January 2012 Sunset near the Moskva River]]
[[File:Moscow River near the Kremlin walls.jpg|thumb|Moscow River near the Kremlin walls]]
There is a fleet of river ice-breaker cruisers which ply routes from moorings at the [[Radisson Royal Hotel, Moscow|Hotel Ukraine]] and [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]] to the [[Novospassky Monastery]] and back. Duration of trips ranges from 1.5 to 3 hours.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.gudok.ru/transport/vodniy/news.php?ID=332409 |script-title=ru:Москвичи смогут поплавать на ледоколах |date=2009-11-13 |work=Water transport |publisher=[Gudok.ru] |language=ru |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=[[Moscow]], [[Russia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082812/http://www.gudok.ru/transport/vodniy/news.php?ID=332409 |archive-date=July 26, 2011 ))</ref>

==References==
((Portal|Russia))
((Commons category|Moskva River))
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Cite Americana|wstitle=Moskva |short=x))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Rivers of Moscow Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Smolensk Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Moscow]]

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