The Mosque of Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, dating from 1340 CE, is a mosque from the era of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Egypt. Located south of Bab Zuweila, in the Darb al-Ahmar neighbourhood, it was built on what was then the outskirts of medieval Cairo by Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, with significant help from Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. The mosque has a hypostyle plan similar to the Mosque of al-Nasir, and its exterior walls are decorated in typical Mamluk architecture style.[1] At the time of its building, it was one of the most extravagantly decorated mosques in Cairo, marked by the first fully octagonal minaret and large dome, as well as other architectural innovations.[2] Its history and luxuriousness are directly correlated to the life and prominence of al-Maridani, as it was built with the patronage of his father-in-law, the sultan, and significant donations from al-Maridani's own fortune.
History
Background: Altinbugha al-Maridani
Al-Maridani first rose to prominence as the cupbearer of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. He gained this position at the unusually early age of 16.[3] The sultan continued to favor al-Maridani and gave him his daughter in marriage, thus becoming his father-in-law. He also appointed al-Maridani as the chief of Cairo's police force and made him "amir of a thousand".[4] After al-Nasir Muhammad's death, al-Maridani's career went through a crisis under the brief reign of al-Mansur Abu Bakr but he continued to prosper under the reigns of al-Ashraf Kujuk and al-Salih Isma'il. Ultimately, he died as the governor of Aleppo in 1343.[4]
Construction
The site chosen for the mosque is in an area that was originally a cemetery outside Cairo and is now known as al-Darb al-Ahmar. By al-Maridani's time, it had begun to urbanize and people had built houses in the area. In the 14th century, the main street here turned into a ceremonial road between the city of Cairo and the royal Citadel to the south.[5] In 738 AH (1337–1338 CE), al-Maridani purchased the houses on the site of his future mosque at half value and demolished them to make way for construction.[5]
The construction dates of the mosque are recorded in three inscriptions found in the building. An inscription on the west entrance of the mosque dates its foundation to 739 AH (1338–1339 CE), while two inscriptions on the northern entrance and another on the minaret state show that the mosque was completed in the month of Ramadan in 740 AH (1340 CE).[4] Al-Maridani, who was severely ill during this time, was motivated to donate considerable funds for the construction. Al-Nasir Muhammad further favoured his son-in-law by lending him his master builder (al-mu'allim), al-Suyufi, for the project. He also contributed wood and marble for construction.[4] According to 14th-century writer al-Maqrizi, the construction cost around 300,000 dirhams, not counting the donations made by the sultan.[5]
Restorations
The mosque in 1905, following restoration by the Comité
The mosque was restored by the Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe in 1895–1903.[6] Since then, however, it suffered from neglect and progressive deterioration. Along with the usual accumulation of dust and grime from the desert environment of Cairo and urban pollution, the mosque suffered from humidity and water damage due to the rising water table and leaking sewage from the surrounding neighborhood.[7][8][9] The prayer hall (or sanctuary) was in particularly bad condition. Cracks appeared in the walls and the marble panel decoration was made particularly vulnerable. Between 2007 and 2010, the wooden insets that make up the ornament of the minbar were looted.[6]
A major restoration and rehabilitation project was begun in 2020 by the Egyptian government in collaboration with the Aga Khan Cultural Services-Egypt (part of the Aga Khan Development Network), and scheduled to last until 2020. It focused on restoring the prayer hall and aimed to integrate the mosque into a tourist route along the Darb al-Ahmar district. The initial estimated cost of the project was E£30 million, financed by the European Union.[7][8][9] The first phase of the project, including restoration of the prayer hall and the eastern parts of the mosque, was completed in June 2021.[10][11]
Architecture
Layout
The Mosque of Amir al-Maridani is built with both hypostyle and riwaq plans, similar to the sultan's mosque in the Citadel, with a dome above the mihrab and three axial entrances. The mosque is not rectangular, however, because of the constraints of urban construction.[12] Specifically, the northeastern corner was built so that it would not encroach upon Tabanna Street nor a neighboring small lane.[13] It is not, however, as irregular as some mosques in urban Cairo, such as Ulmas' Mosque.[4]
Exterior
Northwestern entrance of the mosque (opposite the qibla)
Northeastern entrance portal of the mosque
The exterior Amir al-Maridani's mosque is typical for an urban Mamluk mosque, characterized by "recesses crowned with muqarnas including double-arched windows".[1] The mosque has three entrances, with the west entrance on the same axis as that of the prayer niche and the main entrance on the north side of the mosque; each has the shape of an iwan with a pointed arch and is topped by a medallion of faience mosaics.[1] The main entrance is a deep recess, crowned by a muqarnas cresting, panelled with marble and richly patterned. The joggled door lintels and the small window framed by colonettes are both common features in Mamluk architecture. In this case, the small outer window corresponds to an inner window with a blue-and-white tile grille. The date of completion appears on the main entrance's crown, and again on the west entrance and in the prayer hall.[12] The west entrance is decorated differently, with a sunrise motif decorating muqarnas pendentives in the ablaq technique of alternating light and dark stone courses. Between the pendentives, a medallion with a smaller medallion in its center is decorated with tile mosaics. The south entrance is entirely undecorated.[12]
The façade of the main wall, which corresponds to the interior mihrab wall, is panelled with recessed windows. The lower windows are rectangular while the upper are double arched with single arched qamariyyas, multicolored stained glass windows, mirroring them on the interior. The northern, eastern and part of the southern facades are the only ones with these windows, as they would have lined the busiest streets and as such been the most visible walls. The remaining wall sections, around the west and south entrances, are plain and windowless.[12] The main wall is buttressed by the mihrab, as it protrudes slightly into an otherwise thin outer wall.[12]
The minaret
The minaret has an octagonal shaft, muqarnas corbelling for the balconies, and a bulbous stone finial on top.
Located just to the left of the main entrance, the minaret is the earliest known example of entirely octagonal shaft.[12] It is also the earliest minaret crowned with a top that is not the mabkhara type. Instead, the pear-shaped bulb sits on top of the eight-columned pavilion crowned with muqarnas; it is replicated on the interior wooden pulpit.[12] On the wall beneath the minaret, the golden band that runs from the main entrance along the entire facade breaks, and the corner nearest the mosque is missing its colonettes. The buttress of the minaret is also built with different stone than the rest of the mosque, indicating that this section of the wall was rebuilt.[1]
Interior
As is the case with many Mamluk era hypostyle mosques, the Mosque of Amir al-Maridani is supported by columns from earlier buildings. In this case, the granite columns were taken from the Fatimid mosque of Rashida, though they were originally taken from ancient monuments. Many of the columns have varying heights which is compensated for with different sized pedestals. The eight columns that support the dome, however, are all of equal size, have ancient Egyptian capitals, and were likely brought from Upper Egypt.[2]
Courtyard
Courtyard of the mosque
The facade of the courtyard, created by the surrounding arcades, is characterized by features that are unusual for Mamluk architecture. The points of the arches are framed with a continuous molding that curls into a loop at the top of each arch, and stucco carved niches and medallions alternate in the spandrels of each arcade.[14]Crenellation crowns the arches, and is also carved in stucco.[1] Relieving oculi penetrate the spandrels of the second row of arches,[14] and at each corner and at the middle of each façade of the courtyard a small mabkhara-shaped turret containing a bulb of vlue glass.[1] The fountain in the courtyard is not a part of the original mosque.[1]
The mosque's mashrabiyya, which marks the separation between the courtyard and the prayer hall
The courtyard area is separated from the prayer hall with a mashrabiyya, upon which is a large inscription from the Qur'an. This wooden screen mostly shades the prayer hall from the courtyard's light, making the double windows in the outer wall necessary.[1]
Prayer hall
View of the prayer hall in 2008 (prior to recent restoration)
The prayer hall is richly decorated, though the historic decoration suffered during from the mosque's deterioration in modern times.[14] The qibla (southeastern) wall is decorated with the remains of gilded stucco and epigraphic bands, with trees at their center. These trees are one of the only extant naturalistic features in Mamluk architectural decoration.[14] The mihrab is made of polychrome marble and has friezes of small niches with blue-glass colonettes on the side framing its upper edge. The dado has similar friezes. The walls are decorated with marble mosaics centered by a Kufic inscription of Allah, and on the northern wall there is a panel made totally of white marble inlaid with green gypsum. The function of the small room in the southeast corner is unknown.[14] The pulpit is original and decorated with a geometric star pattern.[1]
The dome, over the mihrab area, is slightly smaller than the dome of the Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque and has similar gilded and painted wooden pendentives. The windows in the transitional zone between ceiling and dome are of one oculus over two bays,[14] and are decorated with stucco arabesque grills filled with colored glass.[1]
Prayer hall
Prayer hall of the mosque, with minbar visible (left)
Marble decoration in the prayer hall, including a panel of square Kufic above the door in the middle. (2015 photo, prior to recent restoration)
One of the re-used ancient columns and capitals in the mosque
Sources of information
Other than current observation of its architecture, one of the only sources of information about the Mosque of Amir al-Maridani is the Cairene historian al-Maqrizi. In his two volume work Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (al-Khitat), Maqrizi describes the physical layout of medieval Cairo in exact detail, including buildings' construction histories and their connections to greater Cairene society. 650 years after it was written, al-Khitat remains the most useful source of information on buildings and their significance in medieval Cairo.[15]
Unfortunately, he does not provide much background for the Mosque of Amir al-Maridani: he only shares how the site was acquired, some brief summarizing details about the mosque's construction, and Amir al-Maridani's later life history.[16] One possible reason is that al-Maridani's mosque was relatively young when Maqrizi composed al-Khitat, completed less than one hundred years previously. However, whatever the reason, the lack of description from Maqrizi means that much of the history of the Mosque of al-Maridani is unrecorded and thus unknowable.
A similar riwaq plan is found in the mosques of Amir Husayn, Bashtak, Ulmas, Sitt Miska/Hadaq, Aqsunqur, Qawsun, and Arghun Shah al-Isma'ili.[17]
The top of the minaret is similar to the top of the minaret at the Mosque of Bashtak.[18]
A wooden dome over a mihrab is also found at the mosques of al-Zahir Baybars and al-Nasir Muhammad. Smaller wooden domes are above the mihrab area at the mosques of Zayn al-Din Yahya in Bulaq and Habbaniyya.[19]
The Mosque of Sitt Hadaq also has recessed panels with windows appearing on only three of the four facades.[20]
A pattern of three axial entrance is also found at the mosques of al-Zahir Baybars and al-Nasir Muhammad.[21]
Decorative tile usage is also found at the Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad.[22]
Marble dados were also found in the sanctuaries of the mosques of al-Nasir Muhammad and al-Mu'ayyad.[23]
^Denoix, Sylvie. "History and Urban Forms: A Methodological Approach." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1-2 (1993): 70-81.
^Sabri Jarrar, "Al-Maqrizi's Reinvention of Egyption Historiography," ""The Cairo Heritage,"" ed. Doris Behrens-Abouseif, New York: American University in Cairo Press, 30-53.
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture. The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN9789774160776.
Further reading
Isaac Bakhoum, Diana (2016). "The Foundation of a Tabrizi Workshop in Cairo: A Case Study of Its Influence on the Mosque of Emir Altunbugha Al-Maridani". Muqarnas Online. 33 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1163/22118993_03301P003.
