Ama-Mpondo
Ama-Mpondo
The son of Mpondo King Faku (before 1864)
Total population
~5 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 South Africa
Languages
IsiXhosa, English
Religion
Christianity, African Traditional Religion
Related ethnic groups
Xhosa, Mpondomise, Thembu, Swati, Hlubi, Zulu other Bantu peoples
The Ama-Mpondo Nation
PersonI-Mpondo
PeopleAma-Mpondo
LanguageIsi-Xhosa
CountryEma-Mpondoseni

The Mpondo People or simply Ama-Mpondo, is one of the kingdoms in what is now the Eastern Cape.[3][2] Having been established way back in 1226. The Ama-Mpondo Nation were first ruled by its founder who was King Mpondo kaNjanya who lived around (born in 1205 and died in 1280) and later the 'Ama-Nyawuza'clan (a royal clan of the Ama-Mpondo), by nationality referred to themselves as 'Ama-Mpondo'. They are related to other Aba-Mbo kingdoms and chiefdoms in South Africa.

Origins

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The story of the origins of ema-Mpondweni was told to personify and symbolise the fact that it was a nation with lands shaped like a horn, when it includes the lands ema-Mpondomiseni, and to make it easier for telling Iintsomi, meaning educative stories. Taking Mpondo as the son since it was used for defending and Mpondomise as the daughter since it was used for attacking and negotiation. Thus according to the Mpondo oral tradition, they are the legendary descendants of King Mpondo, the grandson of King Sibiside who was the leader of the once-powerful Embo nation (Aba-Mbo or Ma-Mbo). Mpondo people are part of the Aba-Mbo group who are thought to have migrated from the Great Lakes into modern-day South Africa or the race of people coming from Ethiopia and along Zambia down past Eswatini, believed to be under the Great Kingdom of Kush. This is evident from the ruling plant in the coast south-east of Africa and north-west of Madagascar, the marijuana plant. It grows in abundance from ema-Mpondweni up the coast and the coast of Madagascar. It is through king Sibiside that Mpondo the forefather of the nation emerges together with other well-known nations. Mpondo people share a common lineage with Ama-Mpondomise, Ama-Xesibe, Abakwa-Mkhize, Ama-Bomvu and Ama-Bomvana.[citation needed]

King Sibiside's offspring:[4]

  1. Mavovo ( King Sibiside's heir and father of the Mkhize clan)
  2. Gubhela (his descendants also call themselves abakwa-Mkhize)
  3. Nomafu (Ama-Bomvu and Ama-Bomvana)
  4. Njanya (Ama-Mpondo, Ama-Mpondomise, Ama-Xesibe)

Mpondo and Mpondomise were twins. There is an ongoing argument about the twin who was the eldest, the most commonly held view is that Mpondo is the senior twin. It is said that while out hunting, Mpondo killed a lion and refused to hand over the skin to Mpondomise as was the custom (the senior was entitled to skins of certain animals).[5] The tension between the two started from that day and Mpondo and his followers were the first ones to leave and settle elsewhere away from their father's land.

Ama-Mpondo-Kingdom

Winnie Madikizela Mandela Mpondo princess

The great house of Mpondo is called Ndimakude Great Palace and is situated in Flagstaff, Eastern Cape. The right-hand house is called Nyandeni Great Place and is situated in Libode, Eastern Cape. The Nyandeni house enjoyed autonomy for decades and was often referred to as Western Mpondo-land, while the Qawukeni house was referred to as Eastern Mpondo-land.

The towns in the Mpondo kingdom include Lusikisiki, Siphaqeni (known as Flagstaff), Mbizana (erroneously called Bizana), Ntabankulu, Port St. Johns, Libode and Ngqeleni.

Mzintlava (now known as Kokstad) was allotted to Adam Kok of the Griquas.[6]

(Born:1120-Died:1202)

(Born:1151-Died:1225)

(Born:1205-Died:1280) [Reigned:1226 Till 1280]

Famous Miriam Makeba Mpondo singer

(Born:1232-Died:1318) [Reigned:1280 Till 1318]

(Born:1264-Died:1351) [Reigned:1318 Till 1351]

(Born:1303-Died:1385) [Reigned:1351 Till 1385]

(Born:1347-Died:1425) [Reigned:1385 Till 1425]

(Born:1380-Died:1456) [Reigned:1425 Till 1456]

(Born:1406-Died:1471) [Reigned:1456 Till 1471]

(Born:1435-Died:1494) [Reigned:1471 Till 1494]

(Born:1458-Died:1513) [Reigned:1494 Till 1513]

(Born:1481-Died:1539) [Reigned:1513 Till 1539]

(Born:1504-Died:1569) [Reigned:1539 Till 1569]

(Born:1527-Died:1591) [Reigned:1569 Till 1591]

(Born:1553-Died:1619) [Reigned:1591 Till 1619]

(Born:1585-Died:1643) [Reigned:1619 Till 1643]

(Born:1610-Died:1664) [Reigned:1643 Till 1664]

(Born:1643-Died:1696) [Reigned:1664 Till 1696]

(Born:1665-Died:1721) [Reigned:1696 Till 1721]

(Born:1691-Died:1755) [Reigned:1721 Till 1755]

(Born:1720-Died:1782) [Reigned:1755 Till 1782]

(Born:1762-Died:1818) [Reigned:1782 Till 1818]

(Born:1789-Died:1867) [Reigned:1818 Till 1867]

(Born:1831-Died:1887) [Reigned:1867 Till 1887]

(Born:1856-Died:1905) [Reigned:1887 Till 1905]

(Born:1863-Died:1917) [Held-Power:1905 till 1909]

(Born:1890-Died:1921) [Reigned:1909 Till 1921]

(Born:1887-Died:1949) [Held-Power:1921 till 1934]

(Born:1909-Died:1937) [Reigned:1934 Till 1937]

(Born:1909-Died:1970) [Reigned:1937 Till 1970]

(Born:1948-Died:1984) [Reigned:1970 Till 1984]

(Born:1974-Died:2022) [Reigned:2013 Till 2022]

(Born:1997-Alive:Aging) [Reigning:2022 Till Present-Date]

Ama-Mpondo-royal-BloodLine

Khubone
(({Mzingelezana))}
Ndlozela
Sidwabasiluthuli
Sibiside
Njanya
Mpondomise of Mpondomise KingdomMpondoXesibe
Sithula
Mithwa
Santsabe
khondwane
Shukude
Hlambangobubende
Ziqelekazi
Mhlamandane
Thobe
Msiza
Ncindise
Cabe
QhiyaGangatha
Bhala
KhonjwayoChithwayoNyathi
Ndayeni
Thahle
Nyawuza
Ngqungqushe
Faku
MqikelaNdamase Ahh! Mghakangqele
SigcawuMhlangaNkqwiliso Ahh! Zakade
MarhelaneMswakeziBhokleni Ahh! Zwelibanzi
MandlonkeBotha ManzolwandlePhangwa Ahh! Mangangelizwe
Zwelidumile(Thandekile) MpondombiniDumelaniTutor Vulindlela Ahh! Nyangayesizwe
Zanozuko(({Mabalengwe))}
Mangaliso Ahh! Ndlovuyezwe

Mpondo clans and tributary clans

There are three types of clans you find in Mpondo-land (kwa-Mpondo/ema-Mpondweni) today. First, there clans that arise out of the many houses of the Kings listed in the section above is ( King Mpondo's descendants). Secondly, there are clans of the older Aba-Mbonambi Ma-Mbo Clan from which Mpondo himself was born out, therefore these are people of his ancestors. Thirdly, there are clans who have immigrated to Mpondo-land and now pay tribute to the Mpondo kingdom.

In more detail:[5][6][7]

Some of the following clans were followers of Mpondo kings from the beginning, some only came later during the reign of Faku:[6][7]

CHUSHELA kaSILANGWE, SOTHONGOTHI kaCHUSHELA, MBHABHAMA kaSOTHONGOTHI, NTOBELA kaMBHABHAMA, NDUKUDE kaNTOBELA, NTAMONDE kaNDUKUDE, MSUTHU ka NTAMONDE, SIWISA ka MSUTHU, Silangwe was also known by isikhahlelo/salute or praise name VALANGOMKHONTW'MNYANGO which translate (Block the entry by a spear). He was one of the great warriors of abambo/abasembo tribe where one had to lead and guide his clan against imminent intruders.

Ama-Diba village

Tributary clans

These tribes/ clans are not unique to Mpondo-land, they usually are small groups in Mpondo-land who left their tribes/kingdoms having been given land by Mpondo Kings and thus recognised as forming part of Ama-Mpondo Kingdom and paying tribute to Mpondo Kings.

Causes

There were varying reasons that led to the revolts notably the land rehabilitation programme, the Bantu Authorities System and the increase in taxes.

The land rehabilitation programme

The land rehabilitation programme was a system that entailed the colonisers keeping the fertile soils to themselves and allocating the less fertile lands to the local people.[8] The Mpondo people revolted against this.[citation needed]

The Bantu Authorities System

This system brought about tension between the people of Pondoland and their chiefs. The Bantu Authorities System created a pseudo sense of power as colonial authorities gave chiefs limited power, ensuring that administrative duties were still being assigned to the colonial government. This disrupted the system as people were used to being consulted at the Inkundla before decisions were made. Inkundla was when members of a community met together to discuss issues affecting the district/area and made decisions.[citation needed]

Series of events leading to the 1960 revolts

The first signs of revolt were apparent through local vigilante groups such as the Makhuluspani. The Makhuluspani was a group that was created in a bid to combat stock theft in the districts of Tsolo and Qumbu in the 1950s. It is reported that these groups targeted headmen and chiefs who were cooperating or suspected to be cooperating with the colonial government.[9] There were also conflicts around the Bizana area during that same year as the government intended to fence off a certain area on the coastal area to reserve the forests and coastal zones without having consulted the people of Mpondo-land. People were evicted out of their land, and at one stage during evictions police were attacked.[10]

In 1959, in the Bizana district, Saul Mabude who was the chairman of the district authority and advocate for the Bantu Authorities system was asked to meet with the people of that community. He was tasked with explaining the Bantu Authorities system to them, however he did not show up as he feared for his life. The consequence to his actions resulted in him having his house burnt and the police terrorizing the people in that area. This did not deter the Mpondo people from mobilising against the government, who made it clear to Chief Sigcawu, who was the King at the time that the Bantu system was not going to be enforced on their watch.[11]

In June 1960 a meeting was called at Ngquza Hill. These meetings had become the norm during the apartheid era around that area as people used them to educate each other on the events that were taking place, thus the meetings on the hill were not held secretly. The police were tipped about the meeting, who in turn upon their arrival fired on the people at the hill. This resulted in the arrest of 23 people and the death of 11 people.[10] In retaliation, there was an ambush on a police patrol in Flagstaff. These people were shot at by the police, resulting in the injury of two policemen and the arrest of one headman.[11]

In November 1960 in Flagstaff, a mass meeting was called at Ngqanduli. Chief Vukayibambe called the police and helped disperse the meeting. One of the protesters was killed, this resulting in Vukayibambe's kraal being set on fire and his death. All those who had an affiliation with the chief and supported him were killed, injured and their kraals set alight. The police were sent to defuse the situation.[11]

Stabilisation of the revolts

A commission of inquiry was held right after the massacre. The demands from the people of Pondoland entailed the Bantu Authorities, Bantu Education Acts being withdrawn, the relief from taxes.[11] Their demands were not met, and in retaliation the Pondo boycotted all white owned stores in Pondoland.[11]

By the end of November 1960, a state of emergency was declared in Pondoland, in Flagstaff, Bizana, Tabankulu, Lusikisiki and Mount Ayliff. No one could access those areas without a permit, and the west of Umtata was closed off. The revolts were shut down through heavy policing and raiding tax evaders. The Bantu Home Guard was also established by the chiefs in a bid to shut down the revolts, with the aid of the military force that was sent by the state in a bid to subjugate the areas in Pondoland where the revolts had occurred until 1963.[11]

In 1960, a total of 4,769 had been imprisoned during this period of the revolts from 1950 and 1960, and 2,067 brought to trial and it is reported that 30 people were sentenced to death during August and October in 1961.[10]

Arts and entertainment

The Mpondo people are one of the major tribes that produce and consumes the genre of music called Maskandi but the Mpondo people are unique in a performance of ukusina(Nguni dance) and their own traditional dance called "imfene" (baboon dance). This dance(imfene) is performed by young ones and adults of both sexes to the sounds of Maskandi music.

Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival

Imfene, a Mpondo Dance Festival, Kennedy Road Shack Settlement, Durban (2008)

Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival is celebrated annually by Mpondo to celebrate their culture and heritage. It is the biggest cultural event celebrated in the Kingdom attended by approximately over 20,000 people preceded by the Annual Mpondo Reed Dance. It is held in September of every year at Lwandlolubomvu Great Place, Ntabankulu; palace of the customary head Jongilanga Sigcau. Ntabankulu is the mountainous part of the Mpondo Kingdom surrounded by the great Mzimvubu River. Ntabankulu in Mpondo language means 'Big Mountains'. September is important in Mpondo history as it was originally the Mpondo new year in the ancient Mpondo calendars and also two of the Mpondo Kings King Mqikela and King Sigcau were born on this month. The Mpondo culture and Heritage Festival also celebrates the roles played by these icons, including the legendary kings Faku, Mqikela, Sigcawu, Marhelane amongst others. This events also seeks to promote cultural diversity through sharing of Mpondo culture and heritage with other cultures from South Africa, broader African continent and beyond the oceans. It attracts a lot of tourists, both local and international, and is one of the biggest events in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Lunar Calendar

According to the ancient Aba-Mbo people, including Mpondo September is the first month of the year. There are some Mpondo people who recognise the appearance of the Pleiades ("isilimela") to signal the beginning of the year,[6] but it is most likely that this interpretation was adopted from the sotho people. Mpondo calendar is as follows commencing with uMphanda the first month of the year according to the ancient Mpondo Calendar.

Notable Mpondo leaders

See also

References

  1. ^ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  2. ^ a b Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
  3. ^ Mpondo people, Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)
  4. ^ Mkhize, Siyabonga (2009). Uhlanga Lwas'eMbo. Sibiside Publishers. ISBN 978-0-620-43055-5.
  5. ^ a b Soga, John Henderson (1930). The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala. Witwatersrand University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-06682-2.
  6. ^ a b c d Ndamase, Victor Poto (1926). Ama-Mpondo: Ibali ne-ntlalo. Lovedale Institution Press.
  7. ^ a b Jackson, A. O. (1974). The Ethnic Composition of the Ciskei and Transkei: Ethnological Publications No. 53. ISBN 0 621 021032.
  8. ^ Murray, Colin; Williams, Gavin (1994). "Editorial: Land and Freedom in South Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 21 (61): 315–324. doi:10.1080/03056249408704062. JSTOR 4006143.
  9. ^ Pieterse.Traditionalists, traitors and sell-outs: the roles and motives of ‘ama-qaba’, ‘aba-ngcatshi’ and ‘aba-thengisi’ in the Mpondo-land Revolt of 1960 to 1961. Department of Historical and Heritage Studies.Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria .2007.51
  10. ^ a b c Kepe and Ntsebeza. Rural Resistance in South Africa. The Mpondo Revolts after Fifty Years. Koninklikje Brill NV.2011.26.https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/31865/ASC-075287668-3033-01.pdf?sequence=2
  11. ^ a b c d e f SA History Online.http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pondoland-revolt-1950-1961.
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