Muhammad Ali
12th Sultan Brunei
Reign1660–1661[1]
Installation1660
PredecessorAbdul Jalilul Jabbar
SuccessorAbdul Hakkul Mubin
BornMuhammad Ali
1590s
Died16 November 1661
Issue
Detail		Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin
Names
Muhammad Ali ibni Muhammad Hasan
Regnal name
Sultan Haji Muhammad Ali ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad Hasan
HouseBolkiah
FatherMuhammad Hasan
ReligionSunni Islam

Muhammad Ali ibni Muhammad Hasan (Jawi: محمد علي; reign 1660–1661), also known as Marhum Tumbang Di Rumput, was the 12th Sultan of Brunei.[2] His murder would later go on to spark the beginning of the Brunei Civil War between his killer and Sultan Muhyiddin, which a protracted civil war of succession that broke out and lasted for several years.

Reign (1660-1661)

Disagreement

Prior to him ascending to the throne in 1660, he was known as Raja Muhammad Ali. During Sultan Muhammad Ali's reign, the Brunei Legal Code was also put into effect. The sultan's own son, Pengiran Muda Bongsu, was involved in an incident. The son of Pengiran Bendahara Abdul Hakkul Mubin, Pengiran Muhammad Alam was the prince's opponent in the cockfight, and out of retaliation after losing, Bongsu killed him in revenge. As a result, the prince was given a death sentence by his father, the sultan, in accordance with the legal principle that death is punishable by death, as stated in the fifth and eighth clauses on gisas (retribution).[3]

Murder

Pengiran Abdul Hakkul Mubin came to Sultan Muhammad Ali's palace and requested if he could carry out the killing of Pengiran Bongsu himself, but was soon rejected.[4][5] He refused to permit the execution of his son, arguing that he alone has the authority to punish. Pengiran Abdul Hakkul Mubin was enraged at the meaning that was left unsaid and killed everyone inside the palace.[6] Sultan Muhammad Ali was then garroted by Pengiran Abdul Hakkul Mubin during Asr prayer on 16 November 1661.[7] His death led Abdul Hakkul Mubin in succeeding him as Sultan of Brunei and also sparking the Brunei Civil War.[8] After his demise, he was locally known as Marhum Tumbang Di Rumput.[1][9]

Aftermath

He was avenged by his son-in-law Muhyiddin who later became the fourteenth Sultan of Brunei.[10] Sultan Muhyiddin wanted to pass the throne back to Sultan Muhammad Ali's family when he was in power. Sultan Muhyiddin's planned successor, Pengiran Muda Bongsu, who had fled to Sambas, was asked to return to Brunei and granted the title of Raja Bendahara. Despite that, Pengiran Muda Bongsu passed away prior to that purpose could be carried out. In the end, Pengiran Anak Muhammad Alam, son of Pengiran Muda Pengiran Muda Bongsu, was chosen by Sultan Muhyiddin to serve as Raja Bendahara Alam.[11]

Personal life

Sultan Muhammad Ali had 4 children, whom were:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). Hmjubliemas.gov.bn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Pusat Sejarah Brunei - Sultan - Sultan Brunei". www.history-centre.gov.bn. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ^ Gin, Ooi Keat; King, Victor T. (29 July 2022). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-56864-6.
  4. ^ Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (2002). Sejarah sultan-sultan Brunei menaiki takhta (in Malay). Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. p. 13. ISBN 978-99917-34-25-5.
  5. ^ Jurnal Beriga (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. 2009. p. 74.
  6. ^ Ibrahim (Haji.), Abdul Latif bin Haji (2003). Brunei Darussalam: rantisan sejarah dan budaya (in Malay). Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. p. 91. ISBN 978-99917-1-104-1.
  7. ^ Santos, Jason (19 December 2020). "Brunei or Sulu: an ancient territorial dispute". thevibes.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  8. ^ Sidhu, Jatswan S. (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. pp. XXIX. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
  9. ^ Borneo Bulletin Brunei Yearbook. Brunei Press Sdn. Bhd. in collaboration with Integrated Information Pte. Limited. 2007. pp. E-89.
  10. ^ Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN: National and Regional Approaches. BRILL. 14 January 2019. p. 193. ISBN 978-90-04-39194-9.
  11. ^ "Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam | Kerajaan Nusantara". www.kerajaannusantara.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
Regnal titles Preceded byAbdul Jalilul Jabbar Sultan of Brunei 1660–1661 Succeeded byAbdul Hakkul Mubin
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