Muhammad Najati Sidqi (Arabic: محمد نجاتي صدقي, Muḥammad Najātī Ṣidqī, 1905–1979) was a Palestinian public intellectual and activist,^[1][2] trade unionist,^[3] translator, writer, critic and erstwhile communist. Though almost forgotten as a figure in the Palestinian movement for independence,^[4] he played an important role in it, and witnessed many momentous moments in the early history of the 20th century. Aside from his native Arabic, he was fluent in French, Russian and Spanish.

He was present with his father when Sherif Hussein launched the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916; the beginning of Zionist immigration to Palestine; the early years of the establishment of communism in the Soviet Union, and was one of the few Arabs who fought on the Republican side against Franco in the Spanish Civil War.^[5] At the outbreak of World War II, he wrote a book in which the thesis of the incompatibility of Nazism with Islam was passionately argued.^[6][a]

Biography

Sidqi was born into a middle-class Palestinian family in Jerusalem in 1905. His father Bakri Sidqi was a teacher of Turkish ancestry. His mother, Nazira Murad, came from a prominent Jerusalem mercantile family.^[7] After an early education there, he joined his father in 1914 as the latter worked in other parts of the Ottoman Empire, and in his formative years he grew up in Damascus, Cairo and Jeddah in the Hejaz, where Bakri had joined Prince Faisal's campaign.^[7] On returning to Palestine he became an employee of the Mandatory Palestine's Department of Posts and Telegraphs.^[3] There he met Jewish workers who introduced him to Communism.^[8] He spent three years, from 1925 to 1928, at the Comintern's Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV, pronounced Kutvo),^[9] and during his time there married a Ukrainian communist.^[10] He developed contacts with Joseph Stalin, Nikolai Bukharin, Georges Marchais and Khalid Bakdash, the Kurdish leader of the Syrian Communist Party,^[10] met Mao Zedong and got acquainted with the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet and members of the family of Jawaharlal Nehru.^[7] He returned with his wife to Palestine in 1928, and they began to organise activities against the British Mandatory authorities.^[11][12]

On the occasion of the 1929 riots, the Jewish Communists were split between those who sympathised with victims of the massacres, and others who, like the Arab Communists, considered the moment to be one of an Arab revolt against the British Mandate, land seizure and the pauperisation of the peasantry.^[4] Based in Haifa, where he supervised the Party's local branch, Sidqi maintained regular contacts with Sheik Izz ad-Din al-Qassam,^[12] and defined the latter's death in 1935 as one of martyrdom.^[4] The Comintern had instructed the Palestine Communist Party to Arabise as early as 1924, without much success.^[13] One of the tasks the Party assigned to Sidqi was to undertake this Arabisation.^[4] The Palestine branch of the party was largely dominated by Jews^[14] with socialist tendencies and was suspected of having in its ranks militants with crypto-Zionist sympathies.^[4] In 1930, Sidqi was picked up by the Mandatory police in Jaffa and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment, which he served in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Akka. His elder brother Ahmad, who had also studied with him at KUTV, was the chief witness for the prosecution.^[4] In Sidqi's recollection, Ahmad is described as fragile and being coerced into forced confessions. Reports from the Mandatory authorities cast him as a police informer, who provided extensive details of Comintern contacts and training.^[15] Towards the end of 1932, on his release from prison, where he made the acquaintance of Abu Jilda, the 'Dillinger of the desert,'^[16] the Party ordered him to contact Awni Abd al-Hadi in order to begin to coordinate with the Istiqlal Independence Party.^[14] As surveillance from the Mandatory administration intensified, the Communist Party smuggled him abroad in June 1933^[12] to Paris where he assumed the editorship of the Comintern's Arabic-language journal, The Arab East.^[17] The French authorities subsequently arrested him and had him deported back to Palestine. He later dated his opposition to Nazism to this period – Hitler assumed power in 1933.^[18]

In 1935 he was sent to Tashkent to study directly the issue of nationality under communism. While in Uzbekistan he developed close relationships with the Uzbek communist leaders Akmal Ikramov and Fayzulla Khodzhayev. Both sided with Nikolai Bukharin's agrarian policies, which ran counter to the line set down by Stalin. They also familiarised him with the ideas of the Left Opposition to Stalinism associated with Grigory Zinoviev.^[19] His two Uzbek friends were killed shortly afterwards, victims of Stalin's Great Purge. Sidqi had first hand experience of Nazi Germany, having travelled through the country in 1936, and when, later, party loyalty dictated silence after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, he refused to buckle under and conceal his disagreement.^[20]

Sidqi was one of at least four Palestinian Arabs, the other three being Mahmoud al-Atrash, Ali Abds al-Khaliq and Fawsi al-Nabulsi, who are known to have fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil war. This kind of involvement was harshly criticised by mainstream Palestinian newspapers (although not by local Communist pamphlets). Reflecting the general trend of the Palestinian national movement, newspapers like Filastin were averse to Communism and backed the Spanish Fascists, partly out of a desire to antagonise both Great Britain and France, the region's colonial powers.^[21] While in Spain, where he arrived in August 1936,^[22] Sidqi undertook, on Comintern instructions, to travel under a Moroccan alias, as Mustafa Ibn Jala, and conduct propaganda aimed at dissuading Moroccans in Franco's forces from fighting on the fascist side. He argued that the fascist ideology was contrary to Islam. In Barcelona, he introduced himself in Spanish to the local government militia, according to his memoirs, in the following terms:

I am an Arab volunteer. I have come to defend liberty in Madrid, to defend Damascus in Guadalajara, Jerusalem in Córdoba, Baghdad in Toledo, Cairo in Zaragoza, and Tatwan in Burgos.^[23]

Under the pseudonym of "Mustafa Ibn Jala" he wrote for the Communist newspaper Mundo Obrero, urging Moroccans to desert the fascist army. Most of his activity however consisted of making radio broadcasts, writing pamphlets in Arabic, and haranguing Moroccan troops in their trenches by means of a megaphone.^[22] His proposal that an anti-colonial revolution be stirred up in the Moroccan Rif in order to deprive the fascists of cannon fodder met with resolute opposition from Dolores Ibárruri, La Pasionaria of the Spanish Communist Party, who is said to have opposed any alliance with what she called 'hordes of Moors, beastly savages (morisma salvaje) drunk with sensuality who rape our women and daughters.'^[24][25] Frustrated by the few Moroccans who were convinced, and experiencing the party's hostility to them, he left Spain in December 1936.^[26]

Sidqi then moved to Algeria where he tried, unsuccessfully, to set up a clandestine radio station to broadcast appeals for the natives of the Rif mountains to desert. Ibárruri's opposition to his work led to him being banned from returning to Republican Spain.^[27] Thereafter the Party had him return to Lebanon where he resumed his journalistic activities.^[28]

In 1940, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, he published a book-length study which argued for the incompatibility of Nazism and Islamic tradition. The work, entitled The Islamic Traditions and the Nazi Principles: Can They Agree? was simultaneously published in Beirut and Cairo. Together with the strain in his personal relations with the leader of the Syrian Communist Party, Khalid Bakdash, the publication led to his expulsion from the Communist Party,^[29] which regarded the work's dependence on many Islamic texts as contrary to the secularist principles of Marxism.^[5] In the postwar period he enjoyed a successful career as a literary critic and broadcaster in both Lebanon and Cyprus.^[29] He had a son, and one of his daughters became a prominent doctor in the Soviet Union.^[19] A literary prize in his honour, the Najati Sidqi Competition, has been held in Ramallah.^[30] Sidqi died in exile in Athens in 1979.^[31]

Literary activities

His book 'An Arab Who Fought in Spain' was published under the name of Khalid Bakdash, his Kurdish adversary within the Communist Party, a fact which only increased his enmity towards both Bakdash and the Party.

His translations included works ranging from major American and Chinese novelists^[32] to Russian classics: he introduced Alexander Pushkin,^[b] Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky to the Arabic world.^[5] He published two collections of short stories, many of them depicting the lives and inner feelings of the lower classes. The first, The Sad Sisters (al-Akhwat al-Hazinat, Cairo 1953), looks at the problems Palestinians encountered in adjusting from traditional, romantically remembered Arab Jaffa to the rising metropolis of Tel Aviv and the strange habits of foreigners, the new Jewish society.^[33] The title story (1947) is a narrative of a Palestinian man, sitting down at the base of one of five sycamore trees, the ragged residue of what was once an Arab orchard, and imagining them as five sisters who in mourning clothes recall the rapid changes as the orchard was taken over by the modern urban sprawl. As an autumnal storm sweeps the area, the trees stand firm like 'towering mountains'.^[34] The second, The Communist Millionaire (Beirut 1963) consisted of many satirical vignettes of Arab Communists of his acquaintance.^[35] His memoirs (Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi: The memoirs of Najati Sidqi), edited by Hanna Abu Hanna, were published in Beirut in 2001.

Analysis of the incompatibility of Islam with Nazism

From his Soviet years, Sidqi was primarily interested in the problem of how one might bring about the transformation of Muslim societies into modern industrialised countries without damaging their traditional social fabric.^[5] In his 1940 work "The Islamic Traditions and the Nazi Principles: Can They Agree/Do They Match?" (al-Taqālid al-islāmiyya wa-l-mabādiʾ al-nāziyya: hal tattafiqān?), published in early May of that year,^[36][6] Sidqi argued that Nazism was not only diametrically opposed to Islam, and that there could be no accommodation of the Islamic world to the kind of world advocated by Nazi Germany,^[34] but that indeed Nazism was antagonistic to Islam.^[6] The interaction of the two could only end in a zero-sum game. He thus declares that:

There is no doubt that the spirit of Islam is totally antithetical, in each and every aspect, to all the principles of Nazism: the political regime, society, family, economic, education and personal freedom.^[37]

Though Sidqi took a distinctive approach – he was not a typical Islamic thinker – his book's argument was not unique but reflected a widespread trend in Arab rejections of Nazism.^[38] His polemic was based on a thorough familiarity with Hitler's Mein Kampf, the writings of Alfred Rosenberg, and broadcasts of Nazi propaganda by Joseph Goebbels. He compares the ideological material in these sources with Islamic classical texts ranging from the Qur'an and the Hadith collections to modern writings, including works by Muhammad Abduh, Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani and Mustafa Kamil.^[37] The fundamental element that renders Nazism not only incompatible with, but inimical to, Islam, Sidqi argued, lies in the former's concept of racism (al-'unṣuriyya/al-'irqiyya).^[37]

Nazism was wedded to the idea of German racial purity and dedicated to weeding out or destroying "inferior" races, among which the Jews, and then the Russians, Negroes, Arabs, Egyptians, and Turks were classified. Nazi imperialism demanded a Lebensraum/masāḥa ḥayyawiyya, and sought to conquer territory for Greater Germany. Islam, to the contrary, was devoid of racist feelings: Muslims enjoyed only one advantage over others, the worship of the Creator, which affirms that "all the believers are brothers". Glossing over an Islamic perception that Islam is a superior religion, something which both Judaism and Christianity have also claimed, he insists that Islam is tolerant. Islam, like the sister monotheisms, is universal, and revolutionary. "Judaism was a revolution against the Pharaohs, Christianity was a revolution against Roman injustice and Islam was a revolution to abolish ignorance:jāhiliyya. Only faith, not blood, soil or race, informs Islam's notion of man's essential identity."^[39]

Whereas Nazism is materialistic, bestial and pagan, and accentuates the physical sensual nature of man, Islam embodies, for Sidqi, the ideational human side. The function of Nazism is therefore to extirpate what is spiritual in order to prioritise the supremacy of animalistic materialism. The one constitutes a real revolution (thawra), Nazism sows disobedience (iṣyān) and plunges man back into the degraded pagan state of bestial idolatrous ignorance, which would effectively lead to 'social barbarism' (al-hamijiyya al-'ijtimā'iyya).^[40] The attack on Judaism in Nazism, he warned, was by the same token, an assault on both Christianity and Islam.^[41] Islam's institution of consultation (al-shūrā) was what made it disposed to accept the idea of modern democracy, with its guarantee of freedom.

Sidqi distinguished two kinds of imperialism: the classical, somewhat aged form of colonialism practiced by the English, French and Dutch, and German imperialism (ak-isti'mār al-almānī). The former recognized that the nations they occupied were destined to achieve independence, whereas Nazi imperialism was using unprecedented violence to annihilate smaller nations.^[42] A Nazi takeover of Islamic countries would lead only to the people's enslavement ('ubūdiyya), as it had in Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland.^[43] Force, which in Islam was directed against the ignorant who refused the enlightenment of monotheism, had, in Nazism, assumed a cultic value, as an end in itself, directed towards the subjection of people both within territories Germany controlled and beyond. Nazism's Arabic broadcasts with their anti-Semitic propaganda were designed to incite Arabs to turn upon their own minorities.^[44] Muslims the world over must, he concluded, back the fight against Nazism, as indeed hundreds of thousands already were (Indians and Arabs) in combating 'shoulder to shoulder with English, French, Polish and Czech soldiers'. Such support was anchored in three principles: a shared respect for democracy, a cultural affinity with democratic nations, and the aspiration for independence at war's end.^[45]

Nazism also was endeavouring to create a new religion (diyāna), presenting Hitler as a sacred figure, a prophet, to whom blind obedience was owed, and the soul of the believer in this false religion thereby dwarfed. It preached a satanic message (risāla shaytāniyya) and, under the Führer's leadership, Nazism was laying siege to 'the fortress of science and civilization'.^[46]

In an appendix he made a detailed critique of the memorandum delivered by Egypt's Wafd Party to the British Ambassador Miles Lampson in April 1940 which outlined stringent conditions to be attached to any Egyptian contribution to the British war effort. The memorandum had been promptly rejected by Viscount Halifax. Sidqi criticized Mustafa el-Nahhas for an inept reading of the growing threat from Hitler and Mussolini's forces, and called on Egypt to assume its historic responsibilities by siding with "the two noble peoples of England and France".^[47] He conceded that while it was true that both Britain and France were colonial powers in the Arab world, with possessions and mandates respectively in Mandatory Palestine, Aden, Egypt, Sudan and Syria and Lebanon, the anti-colonial struggle had to await the outcome of the war, and Muslims had to mobilise to ensure that these two powers came out victors in the conflict. He argued for this notwithstanding the fact that he himself had, in his recollections, been persecuted by the French, and did not enjoy good relations with the British.^[18]