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((Short description|Youngest son of caliph Abu Bakr (631–658)))
((More citations needed|date=October 2021))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr <br /> ((lang|ar|مُحَمَّد بْن أَبِي بَكْر))
| image               = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr grave 229.jpg
| caption             = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's grave in [[Fustat]]
| office1             = [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt|Governor of Egypt]]
| monarch1            = ((plainlist|
*[[Ali]] (((reign|656|661)))))
| term_start1         = 658
| term_end1           = 658
| predecessor1        = [[Qays ibn Sa'd]] or [[Malik ibn al-Harith]]
| successor1          = [[Amr ibn al-As]]
| birth_date          = ((circa|631))
| death_date          = ((circa)) July/August ((Death date and age|658|631|df=yes))
| birth_place         = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]
| death_place         = [[Egypt]]
| parents             = ((plainlist|
*[[Abu Bakr]] (father)
*[[Asma bint Umais|Asma bint Umays]] (mother)))
| children            = ((plainlist|
*[[Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr|Al-Qasim]]))
| allegiance          = ((plainlist|
* [[Rashidun Caliphate]]))
| serviceyears        = 656–658
| battles             = ((tree list))
* [[First Fitna]]
** [[Battle of the Camel]] (656)
** [[Battle of Siffin]] (657)
** [[Battle of Nahrawan]] (658)
**   Battle of Al-musannah ([[KIA]]) (659)
((tree list/end))
| relations           = [[Banu Taym]] (clan)
))
'''Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa al-Taymi''' (((lang-ar|مُحَمَّد بْن أَبِي بَكْر بْن أَبِي قُحَافَة|translit=Muḥammad ibn ʾAbī Bakr ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa)); ((Circa|631))–July/August 658) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the fourth Rashidun caliph [[Ali]] (((Reign|656|661))).

The youngest son of the first Rashidun caliph [[Abu Bakr]] (((Reign|632|634))) and [[Asma bint Umais|Asma bint Umays]], Muhammad was a leading rebel against the third Rashidun caliph [[Uthman]] (((Reign|644|656))) and was accused of being involved in the [[assassination of Uthman]] in June 656. 

Gayyab narrates in his book Fitnat Maqtal ‘Uthman, 1/209 that "it is clear that Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was innocent in the murder of Usman, just as the wolf was innocent of the blood of Yusuf ‘alayh al Salam."<ref>((cite web | url=https://mahajjah.com/how-uthman-was-murdered/ | title=Fitnat Maqtal ‘Uthman ))</ref>

== Biography  ==
[[File:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr grave 229.jpg|thumb|right|Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's grave in [[Fustat]], Egypt]] 
He was a son of Abū Bakr from his marriage with Asma bint Umays. When Abu Bakr died, [[Asma bint Umais]] married [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr had a son named [[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]]. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's wife was called Asma and she was the daughter of [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]] who was Abu Bakr's other son. The daughter of Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr and Asma was called Fatima (Umm Farwah).

After the [[Battle of Siffin]], [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] appointed Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as the Governor of [[Egypt]], then a newly conquered province of the Islamic empire. In 658&nbsp;CE (38&nbsp;AH), [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], the then Governor of Syria, sent his general [[Amr ibn al-As]] and six thousand soldiers against Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. He hadn't proved himself to be a good governor, [[Lesley Hazleton]] writes "Muhammad AbuBakr – Aisha's half brother – had proved a weak governor. Ali himself ruefully acknowledged that he was "an inexperienced young man".<ref>((Cite book|title=After The Prophet|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|author-link=Lesley Hazleton|publisher=Anchor books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-385-52394-3|location=United States|pages=148))</ref> Muhammad asked Imam Ali for help. Ali is said to have instructed his foster son to hand the governorship over to his best general and childhood friend, [[Malik al-Ashtar]], whom he judged better capable of resisting Amr ibn al-As. However, Malik died on his way to Egypt. The Shi'a and Institute for Shia Ismaili Studies and London's Shi'aism researcher [[Wilferd Madelung]]<ref>[http://us.macmillan.com/author/wilfredmadelung Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Ismaili Studies in London]</ref> believe that Malik was poisoned by Muawiyah I.

Ibn Abi Bakr was eventually defeated by 'Amr ibn al-'As. 'Amr's soldiers were ordered to capture him, bring him alive to Muawiyah&nbsp;I or kill him. A soldier named [[Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj]] is said to have quarreled with the prisoner and killed him out of hand. Ibn Hudayj was so incensed at Ibn Abi Bakr that he put his body into the skin of a dead donkey and burned both corpses together, so that nothing should survive of his enemy.<ref>''[[The Succession to Muhammad (book)|The Succession to Muhammad]]'' pp. 268</ref> However, Shi'a accounts say that the Muawiyah&nbsp;I who later became the first [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] Caliph was the actual killer of Ibn Abu Bakr.<ref>''[[Middle East & Africa to 1875]]'' [http://www.san.beck.org/AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html 632–661]</ref> His grave is located in a [[mosque]] in [[Cairo]], Egypt.

He had spent considerable time in [[Egypt]] and was part of the delegation that complained about the activities of the governor of Egypt to the third Caliph [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]]. The Caliph promised to immediately dismiss the Egyptian governor and replace him with Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. However, after sensing betrayal from Uthman ibn Affan (but actually perpetrated by [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]]) against the Muslim petitioners from Egypt, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr rushed back with the petitioners to [[Medina]] where he initially took part in the uprising against Uthman ibn Affan. After realizing his error in getting involved in the [[Assassination of Uthman]], he repented and withdrew from the uprising, although he had already led the group of rebels inside Uthman ibn Affan's residence.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html | title=Sahaba ))</ref>

The history is related as follows:

A group of seven hundred Egyptians came to complain to Caliph Uthman ibn Affan about their governor Ibn Abi Sarh's tyranny, so Uthman ibn Affan said: "Choose someone to govern you." They chose Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, so Uthman ibn Affan wrote credentials for him and they returned. On their way back, at three days' distance from Madinah, a messenger caught up with them with the news that he carried orders from Uthman ibn Affan to the governor of Egypt. They searched him and found a message from Uthman ibn Affan to ibn Abi Sarh ordering the death of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr and some of his friends. They returned to Madinah and besieged Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman ibn Affan acknowledged that the camel, the servant, and the seal on the letter belonged to him, but he swore that he had never written nor ordered the letter to be written. It was discovered that the letter had been hand-written by Marwan ibn al-Hakam.<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/caliph3.htm Uthman ibn Affan]</ref>

Both of Abu Bakr’s sons [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]] and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr openly opposed Mu'awiya.

The appointment of Yazid was unpopular in Medina. Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 352, Narrated by Yusuf bin Mahak:

Marwan had been appointed as the governor of Hijaz by Mu'awiya. He delivered a sermon and mentioned Yazid bin Mu'awiya so that the people might take the oath of allegiance to him as the successor of his father (Mu'awiya). Then ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr told him something whereupon Marwan ordered that he be arrested. But ‘Abd al-Rahman entered 'Aisha's house and they could not arrest him. Marwan said, "It is he (‘Abd al-Rahman) about whom Allah revealed this Verse: 'And the one who says to his parents: 'Fie on you! Do you hold out the promise to me..?'" On that, 'Aisha said from behind a screen, "Allah did not reveal anything from the Qur'an about us except what was connected with the declaration of my innocence (of the slander)."

Ibn Kathir wrote in his book the ''Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah''<ref>The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Kathir, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by Ibn Kathir, Ismail Ibn Omar 775 ((ISBN|978-603-500-080-2)) Translated by Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad Page 82</ref>
that "in the year 56&nbsp;AH Mu'awiya called on the people including those within the outlying territories to pledge allegiance to his son, Yazid, to be his heir to the Caliphate after him. Almost all the subjects offered their allegiance, with the exception of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr (the son of Abu Bakr), [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abd Allah ibn Umar]] (the son of Umar), [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Husayn bin Ali]] (the son of Ali), [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] (The grandson of Abu Bakr) and [[Ibn Abbas|Abd Allah ibn Abbas]] (Ali's cousin). Because of this Mu'awiya passed through Medina on his way back from Mecca upon completion of his Umrah Pilgrimage where he summoned each one of the five aforementioned individuals and threatened them. The speaker who addressed Mu'awiya sharply with the greatest firmness amongst them was Abd al-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, while Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab was the most soft-spoken amongst them.

Their sister [[Asma bint Abi Bakr]] was just as outspoken. Asma's son, Abd Allah, and his cousin, [[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]], were both grandsons of Abu Bakr and nephews of Aisha. When [[Husayn ibn Ali]] was killed in Karbala, Abd Allah, who had been Husayn's friend, collected the people of Mecca and made the following speech:

<blockquote>O people! No other people are worse than Iraqis and among the Iraqis, the people of [[Kufa]] are the worst. They repeatedly wrote letters and called Imam Husayn to them and took ''bay'at'' (allegiance) for his caliphate. But when [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ibn Ziyad]] arrived in Kufa, they rallied around him and killed Imam Husayn who was pious, observed the fast, read the Quran and deserved the caliphate in all respects.<ref name="Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah 2001 pp. 110">Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). ''The History of Islam'' vol. 2, p. 110. Riyadh: Darussalam. ((ISBN|9960892883)).</ref></blockquote>

After his speech, the people of Mecca also joined Abd Allah to take on [[Yazid I|Yazid]]. When he heard about this, Yazid had a silver chain made and sent to Mecca with the intention of having [[Walid ibn Utba]] arrest Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr with it.<ref name="Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah 2001 pp. 110" /> In Mecca and Medina Husayn's family had a strong support base, and the people were willing to stand up for them. Husayn's remaining family moved back to Madina. Eventually Abd Allah consolidated his power by sending a governor to Kufa. Soon Abd Allah established his power in [[Iraq]], southern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], the greater part of [[Syria]] and parts of [[Egypt]].

Yazid tried to end Abd Allah's rebellion by invading the [[Hejaz]], and he took Medina after the bloody [[Battle of al-Harra]] followed by the siege of Mecca. But his sudden death ended the campaign and threw the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] into disarray, with civil war eventually breaking out. This essentially split the Islamic empire into two spheres. After the Umayyad civil war ended, Abd Allah lost Egypt and whatever he had of Syria to [[Marwan I]]. This, coupled with the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] rebellions in Iraq, reduced his domain to only the Hejaz.

[[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] was finally defeated by [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], who sent [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]. Hajjaj was from Ta'if, as were those who had killed Husayn. In his last hour, Abd Allah asked his mother Asma what he should do. Asma replied to her son:<ref>((cite web |title=The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (Ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (Ra) |url=http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?347728-The-Advice-of-Asmaa-bint-Abu-Bakr-(ra)-to-her-son-Abdullah-Ibn-Zubair-(ra)))</ref>
 
<blockquote>You know better in your own self that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you were killed and have been killed, and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are, you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say what you say, that you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others then you will not truly be free, for this is not the statement of someone who is free... How long will you live in this world, death is more beloved to me than this state you are on, this state of weakness.</blockquote>

Then Abd Allah said to his mother after she had told him to go forth and fight: "I am afraid I will be mutilated by the people of Sham. I am afraid that they will cut up my body after they have killed me." She said: "After someone has died, it won't make any difference what they do to you if you have been killed." Abd Allah said to his mother:

<blockquote>I did not come to you except to increase myself in knowledge. Look and pay attention to this day, for verily, I am a dead man. Your son never drank wine, nor was he fornicator, nor did he wrong any Muslim or non-Muslim, nor was he unjust. I am not saying this to you to show off or show how pure I am but rather as an honour to you.</blockquote>
 
Abd Allah then left by himself on his horse to take on Hajjaj. Hajjaj's army defeated Abd Allah on the battlefield in 692. He beheaded him and crucified his body. He said, "No one must take down his body except Asma. She must come to me and ask my permission, and only then will his body be taken down." Asma refused to go and ask permission to take down her son's body. It was said to her, "If you don't go, his body will remain like that." She said, "Then let it be." Eventually Hajjaj came to her and asked, "What do you say about this matter?" She replied, "Verily, you have destroyed him and you have ruined his life, and with that you have ruined your hereafter."

The defeat of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr re-established [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] control over the Empire.

== Legacy ==
((unreferenced section|date=July 2017))
The Shi'a highly praise Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr for his devotion to ‘Ali and his resistance to the other rulers who were usurpers. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was a pious Muslim who supported the [[Imam]] of his time, [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], even though his sister Aisha opposed ‘Ali in the battle of Jamal, Ibn Abu Bakr was faithful to his stepfather. And he was in Ali's army in the Battle of Jamal and later it was Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who escorted Aisha back to Madina. His grand daughter [[Umm Farwa|Fatima ''(Umm Farwah)'']] was wife of Imam [[Muhammad al-Baqir]]. Thus Shi'a Imam after Imam [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] were his descendants from the mother side, starting with the great legal doctor of the Shi'a, [[Hanafi]] and [[Maliki]] Sunnis, Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]].

According to a Shi'a Muslim author:

<blockquote>‘Ali loved Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr as his own son and his death was felt as another terrible shock. ‘Ali prayed for him, and invoked God's blessings and mercy upon his soul.<ref>''A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims'' : [http://al-islam.org/restatement/65.htm Death of Malik]</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Muhammad (name)]]
*[[Ali]]
*[[Abu Bakr (name)]]
*[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]]
*[[Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr]]
*[[Aisha]]
*[[Asma bint Abi Bakr]]
*[[Siddiqui]]
*[[Bodla]]
*[[Qallu]]
*[[Sheekhaal]]

== References ==
((Reflist|2))
*[[Wilferd Madelung]], ''[[The Succession to Muhammad (book)|The Succession to Muhammad]]'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1997.

== Further reading ==
*((cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=Fr. |date=1913–1936 |title=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936) |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M. Th. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-first=T.W. |editor3-last=Basset |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |editor4-first=R. |volume=6 |pages=669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC&pg=PA669 |doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4763 |isbn=9789004082656|url-access=subscription ))

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041118075029/http://www.islamic-paths.org/Home/English/Muhammad/Book/Millennium_Biography/Chapter_132.htm Biography]
*http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html - "Nevertheless, he brought in those who killed [Uthman]!"
*https://sabazius.oto-usa.org/mohammed/ - Uthman became quite unpopular, and he was murdered by insurgents led by the son of Abu Bakr, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, in 656 e.v

((Ali's companions |state=expanded))
((Governor of Egypt during Rashidun Caliphate|state=expanded))
((Authority control))

((s-start))
((succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt|Governor of Egypt]]
| before = [[Qays ibn Sa'd]]
| after = [[Malik al-Ashtar]]
| years = 657&ndash;657<br> (5 months)
))
((s-end))
((DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Abdallah))
[[Category:631 births]]
[[Category:658 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Abu Bakr family]]
[[Category:Children of Rashidun caliphs]]
[[Category:Rashidun governors of Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian people who died in prison custody]]

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Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr"