The National Mall, Washington, c. 1908. Murder Bay is visible at the far left

Murder Bay (also known as Hooker's Division) was a disreputable slum in Washington, D.C., roughly bounded by Constitution Avenue NW, Pennsylvania Avenue NW, and 13th and 15th Streets NW. The area was a center of crime through the early 20th century, with an extensive criminal underclass and prostitution occurring in several brothels and hotels in the area.[1][2][3] The area was completely rebuilt during the construction of the Federal Triangle project in the late 1920s and 1930s.

C Street NW near 13th Street NW in 1912: Known from the mid-1800s to the 1920s as "Murder Bay," this area was home to numerous brothels.

History

In the 1860s, much of the area south of Pennsylvania Avenue and a few blocks east of the White House had become a disreputable slum known as Murder Bay, the home to an extensive criminal underclass and numerous brothels.[4][5][6][7] During the American Civil War, so many prostitutes took up residence in Murder Bay to serve the needs of General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac that the area became known as "Hooker's Division."[5][6][7][8] The two trapezoidal blocks sandwiched between Pennsylvania Avenue and Madison Drive (now the site of the National Gallery of Art) became home to such expensive brothels that it gained the nickname "Marble Alley."[6] In the 1870s and 1880s, the avenue saw much competition between horse-drawn streetcar and chariot companies.[9]

A large house known as Bull's Head existed at the rear of the hotel that is now Old Ebbitt Grill. The house marked the northwest corner of "Murder Bay". Bull's Head housed prostitutes and contained a large, lower-class gambling den.[10]

In the late 1890s, the Electric Vehicle Company established a circular showroom and service center at 15th Street NW and Ohio Avenue.[11]

Demolition and redevelopment

Federal Triangle

In the mid-1910s, the federal government acquired land on Pennsylvania Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets and several blocks south, but no demolition or construction was conducted.[12] In the 1920s, the government began planning the redevelopment of the Murder Bay area. This became a major construction project of 10 large city and federal office buildings, which would eventually be called Federal Triangle.[13]

The entire Murder Bay area would be replaced with government and other commercial buildings. A contract was issued in 1926 for razing several buildings along Constitution Avenue to make way for the new Internal Revenue Service Building. Congress began to appropriate funds for additional land acquisition in 1927, and the land purchases took several years to complete. Construction of additional buildings began in the late 1920s, with completion nearly complete by 1931. The Department of Commerce Building opened in 1932, and the Department of Justice, Department of Labor, Interstate Commerce Commission and National Archives buildings opened in 1935.

Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site

On March 25, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson issued Executive Order No. 11210, which established the Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue.[14] The Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site was established on September 30, 1965, and various culturally, aesthetically, and historically significant structures and places were given historic status protection.[15]

External links

References

  1. ^ "Ariel Rios Building, Washington, D.C.". (General Services Administration official site). (Archived version) Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  2. ^ Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape, 2009, p. 100-101; Gutheim and Lee, p. 73; Lowry, p. 61-65; Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, p. 63-64.
  3. ^ "Within sight of the White House : section of Washington, D.C., known as "Hooker's Division," which contains 50 saloons and 109 bawdy-houses--list of 61 places where liquor is sold with government [sic] but without city licenses". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  4. ^ Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape, 2009, p. 100-101.
  5. ^ a b Gutheim and Lee, Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission, 2006, p. 73.
  6. ^ a b c Lowry, The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War, 1994, p. 61-65.
  7. ^ a b Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C., 2008, p. 63-64.
  8. ^ Seifert, Donna J. (1991). "Within Site of the White House: The Archaeology of Working Women". Historical Archaeology. 25 (4): 82–108. ISSN 0440-9213.
  9. ^ Tindall, Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources, 1914, p. 421-422.
  10. ^ "Story of Murder Bay." Washington Post. July 8, 1888.
  11. ^ Sanborn (1903). "File:Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Washington, District of Columbia, District of Columbia. LOC sanborn01227 002-11.tif".
  12. ^ "Wide Federal Plan for Buildings Told". The New York Times. 1926-06-06.
  13. ^ "Present Building Program to Wipe Out Dinginess of Mall". The Washington Post. 1927-12-06.
  14. ^ Asher, "President Sets Up New Avenue Unit," Washington Post, March 26, 1965.
  15. ^ Robinson, Judith; Cantell, Sophie; Kerr, Tim Robinson & Associates, Washington, D.C. (August 23, 2004). "Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

38°53′35″N 77°01′48″W / 38.893°N 77.03°W / 38.893; -77.03

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