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((short description|American poet, writer, and political activist (1913–1980)))
((More citations needed|date=November 2017))
((Use mdy dates|date=October 2011))
((Infobox writer  <!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].-->
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'''Muriel Rukeyser''' (December 15, 1913 – February 12, 1980) was an American poet, essayist, biographer, and political activist. She wrote poems about equality, feminism, social justice, and Judaism. [[Kenneth Rexroth]] said that she was the greatest poet of her "exact generation".

One of her most powerful pieces was a group of poems titled ''The Book of the Dead'' (1938), documenting the details of the [[Hawk's Nest incident]], an industrial disaster in which hundreds of miners died of [[silicosis]].

Her poem "To be a Jew in the Twentieth Century" (1944), on the theme of [[Judaism]] as a gift, was adopted by the American [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] movements for their [[Siddur|prayer books]], something Rukeyser said "astonished" her, as she had remained distant from Judaism throughout her early life.<ref>((cite web|title=On "To Be a Jew in the Twentieth Century"|url=http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/tobeajew.htm|work=Modern American Poetry|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|access-date=April 6, 2012|archive-date=August 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820064625/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/tobeajew.htm|url-status=dead))</ref>

==Early life==
Muriel Rukeyser was born on December 15, 1913, to Lawrence and Myra Lyons Rukeyser.<ref>((Cite book|title=American writers: a collection of literary biographies|last1=Unger|first1=Leonard|last2=Litz|first2=A. Walton|last3=Weigel|first3=Molly|last4=Bechler|first4=Lea|last5=Parini|first5=Jay|date=1974-01-01|publisher=Scribner|isbn=0684197855|location=New York|oclc = 1041142|language=en))</ref> She attended the [[Ethical Culture Fieldston School]], a private school in [[The Bronx]], then [[Vassar College]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie]]. From 1930 to 1932, she attended [[Columbia University]].

Her literary career began in 1935 when her book of poetry ''Theory of Flight'', based on flying lessons she took, was chosen by the American poet [[Stephen Vincent Benét]] for publication in the ''[[Yale Younger Poets Series]]''.

==Activism and writing==
((blockquote|Rukeyser was one of the great integrators, seeing the fragmentary world of modernity not as irretrievably broken, but in need of societal and emotional repair.|[[Adrienne Rich]]|title=Essays on Art in Society|source=A Human Eye))

Rukeyser was active in progressive politics throughout her life. At age 21, she covered the [[Scottsboro case]] in Alabama, then worked for the [[International Labor Defense]], which handled the defendants' appeals. She wrote for the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' and a variety of publications, including ''Decision'' and ''Life & Letters Today'', for which she covered the [[People's Olympiad]] (Olimpiada Popular, Barcelona), the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] government's alternative to the Nazis' [[1936 Berlin Olympics]]. While she was in Spain, the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out, the basis of her book ''Mediterranean''. Rukeyser famously traveled to [[Gauley Bridge]], [[West Virginia]], to investigate the recurring [[silicosis]] among miners there, which resulted in her poem sequence ''The Book of the Dead''. During and after [[World War II]], she gave a number of striking public lectures, published in ''The Life of Poetry''.<ref>[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/life.htm excerpts online at] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706072937/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/life.htm |date=July 6, 2008 )) University of Illinois English Department</ref> For much of her life, she taught university classes and led workshops, but she never became a career academic.

In 1996, Paris Press reissued ''The Life of Poetry'', which was published in 1949 but had fallen out of print. In a publisher's note, Jan Freeman called it a book that "ranks among the most essential works of twentieth century literature." In it Rukeyser makes the case that poetry is essential to democracy, essential to human life and understanding.

In the 1960s and 1970s, when Rukeyser presided over [[PEN America]], her feminism and opposition to the [[Vietnam War]] drew a new generation to her poetry. The title poem of her final book, ''The Gates'', is based on her unsuccessful attempt to visit Korean poet [[Kim Chi-Ha]] on death row in [[South Korea]]. In 1968, she signed the "[[Writers and Editors War Tax Protest]]" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.<ref>"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 ''New York Post''</ref>

In addition to her poetry, she wrote a fictionalized memoir, ''The Orgy'', plays and screenplays, and translated work by [[Octavio Paz]] and [[Gunnar Ekelöf]]. She also wrote biographies of [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]], [[Wendell Willkie]], and [[Thomas Hariot]]. [[Andrea Dworkin]] worked as her secretary in the early 1970s. Also in the 1970s she served on the Advisory Board of the [[Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective]], a New York City based theatre group that wrote and produced plays on feminist issues.

Rukeyser died in New York on February 12, 1980, from a stroke, with [[diabetes]] as a contributing factor. She was 66.

==In other media==
In the television show ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'', Metatron the angel quotes an excerpt of Rukeyser's poem "Speed of Darkness": "The Universe is made of stories, not of atoms."

[[File:Library Walk 6.JPG|thumb|Speed of Darkness]]
[[Jeanette Winterson]]'s novel ''Gut Symmetries'' (1997) quotes Rukeyser's poem "King's Mountain".

Rukeyser's translation of a poem by Octavio Paz was adapted by [[Eric Whitacre]] for his choral composition "[[Water Night (Whitacre)|Water Night]]."  [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]] set one of her texts in his opera ''[[Doctor Atomic]]'', and [[Libby Larsen]] set the poem "Looking at Each Other" in her choral work ''Love Songs''.

Writer Marian Evans and composer Chris White are collaborating on a play about Rukeyser, ''Throat of These Hours'', titled after a line in Rukeyser's ''Speed of Darkness''.

The ''[[Journal of Narrative Theory|JNT: Journal of Narrative Theory]], a publication from Eastern Michigan University,'' dedicated a special issue to Rukeyser in Fall 2013.<ref>((cite web |url=http://murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/welcome/jnt-journal-of-narrative-theory-43-3-contents/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140117023512/http://murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/welcome/jnt-journal-of-narrative-theory-43-3-contents/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2014 |title=Muriel Rukeyser: A Living Archive |date=4 December 2013 |publisher=[[Eastern Michigan University]] |access-date=16 January 2014 ))</ref>

Rukeyser's 5-poem sequence "Käthe Kollwitz" (The Speed of Darkness, 1968, Random House)<ref>((cite web|url=http://murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/writing/kathe-kollwitz/ |title=Käthe Kollwitz |website=murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org |date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=2020-03-01))</ref> was set by Tom Myron in his composition "Käthe Kollwitz for Soprano and String Quartet," "written in response to a commission from violist Julia Adams for a work celebrating the 30th anniversary of the Portland String Quartet in 1998."<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dramonline.org/albums/darkness-light-vol-3/notes |title=Darkness & Light, Vol. 3 |website=dramonline.org |access-date=2020-03-01))</ref>

Rukeyser's poem "Gunday's Child" was set to music by the experimental rock band [[Sleepytime Gorilla Museum]].

==Personal life==
Rukeyser was bisexual. In 1936 she had traveled to Spain to cover the [[People's Olympiad]] for the literary journal [[Life and Letters]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out and during her five-day stay, she fell in love with Otto Boch, a German communist athlete who volunteered to fight the fascists, and who was later killed. That experience was evoked in "To be a Jew in the Twentieth Century." 
Also, her literary agent Monica McCall was her partner for decades.<ref>https://jewishcurrents.org/muriels-gift/ "Muriel’s Gift".
February 11, 2016. Posted by Helen Engelhardt: Rukeyser’s Poems on Jewish Themes
by Helen Engelhardt, accessed December 15, 2019</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Yale Younger Poets Award]] (1935) with ''Theory of Flight''
* Harriet Monroe Poetry Award (the first)
* [[Levinson Prize]]
* [[Copernicus Prize]]
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]

==Works==

; Rukeyser's original collections of poetry
*''Theory of Flight''. Foreword by Stephen Vincent Benet. New Haven: Yale Uni. Press, 1935.  Won the [[Yale Younger Poets Award]] in 1935. 
*''Mediterranean.'' Writers and Artists Committee, Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy, 1938. 
*''U.S. 1: Poems''. Covici, Friede, 1938.
*''A Turning Wind: Poems''. Viking, 1939.
* ''The Soul and Body of John Brown.'' Privately printed, 1940. With etchings by [[Rudolph von Ripper]].<ref>((cite book|title=The Soul and Body of John Brown|first=Muriel|last=Rukeyser|url=https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/65662|date=1940))</ref>
*''Wake Island''. Doubleday, 1942.
*''Beast in View''. Doubleday, 1944.
*''The Green Wave: Poems''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948. Includes translations of [[Octavio Paz]] poems and rari. 
* ''Orpheus.'' Centaur Press, 1949. With the drawing "Orpheus" by [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]. 
*''Elegies''. New Directions, 1949.
*''Selected Poems''. New Directions, 1951.
*''Body of Waking: Poems''. NY: Harper, 1958. Includes translated poems of [[Octavio Paz]].
*''Waterlily Fire: Poems 1935-1962''. NY: Macmillan, 1962.
*''The Outer Banks''. Santa Barbara CA: Unicorn, 1967. 2nd rev. ed., 1980.
*''The Speed of Darkness: Poems''. NY: Random House, 1968.
*''29 Poems''. Rapp & Whiting, 1972.
*''Breaking Open: New Poems''. Random House, 1973.
*''The Gates: Poems''. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

; Fiction by Rukeyser
*''Savage Coast : A Novel.'' Feminist Press, 2013.<ref>((Cite book|title=Savage coast|last1=Rukeyser|first1=Muriel|last2=Kennedy-Epstein|first2=Rowena|date=2014-01-01|publisher=The Feminist Press at CUNY |isbn=9781558618206|oclc = 887938693|language=en))</ref>

; Plays by Rukeyser
* ''The Middle of the Air.'' Produced in Iowa City, IA, 1945.
* ''The Colors of the Day: A Celebration of the Vassar Centennial.'' Produced in Poughkeepsie, NY, at Vassar College, June 10, 1961.
* ''Houdini.'' Produced in Lenox, MA, at Lenox Arts Center, July 3, 1973.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/muriel-rukeyser|title=Muriel Rukeyser|date=2017-03-07|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en-us|access-date=2017-03-08))</ref> Published as ''Houdini: A Musical,'' Paris Press, 2002.<ref>((Cite book|last1=Spangler|first1=David|title=Houdini: a musical|last2=Rukeyser|first2=Muriel|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Paris Press|isbn=1930464045|location=Ashfield, Mass.|language=en))</ref>

; Film written by Rukeyser
* ''All the Way Home.'' Produced in New York City, NY, 1957.

; Children's books
*''Come Back, Paul.'' Harper, 1955.<ref>((Cite book|last=Rukeyser|first=Muriel|title=Come back, Paul|publisher=Harper|year=1955|isbn=9780916384111|location=New York|language=en))</ref>
* ''I Go Out.'' Harper, 1961. Illustrated by Leonard Kessler.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rukeyser-muriel|title=Muriel Rukeyser|last=Rosenbaum|first=Judith|date=March 20, 2009|website=Jewish Women's Archive|access-date=March 4, 2020))</ref>
* ''Bubbles.'' Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.<ref>((Cite book|last=Rukeyser|first=Muriel|title=Bubbles|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|year=1967|isbn=9780152128302|location=New York|language=en))</ref>
* ''Mazes.'' Simon & Schuster, 1970. Photography by Milton Charles.<ref>((Cite book|title=Mazes|last1=Rukeyser|first1=Muriel|last2=Charles|first2=Milton|date=1970-01-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=067165151X|location=New York|oclc = 113139|language=en))</ref>
*''More Night.'' Harper & Row, 1981. Illustrated by [http://www.bookologymagazine.com/resources/authors-emeritus/shimin-symeon/ Symeon Shimin].<ref>((Cite book|last=Rukeyser|first=Muriel|title=More Night|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1981|isbn=9780060251277))</ref>

; Memoirs by Rukeyser

*''The Orgy: An Irish Journey of Passion and Transformation''. London: Andre Deutsch, 1965; NY: Pocket Books, 1966; Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 1997.<ref>((Cite book|last=Rukeyser|first=Muriel|title=The Orgy|publisher=Andre Deutsch|year=1965|isbn=0-9638183-2-5|location=London))</ref>

; Works of criticism by Rukeyser
*''The Life of Poetry''. NY: Current Books, 1949; Morrow, 1974; Paris Press, 1996.<ref>((Cite book|last=Rukeyser|first=Muriel|title=The Life of Poetry|publisher=Current Books inc.|year=1949|isbn=0-9638183-3-3|location=New York City))</ref>

; Biographies by Rukeyser
*''Willard Gibbs: American Genius'', 1942. Reprinted by the Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge CT.  Biography of [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]], physicist.<ref name=":0" />
*''One Life''. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1957. Biography of [[Wendell Willkie]].
*''The Traces of Thomas Hariot''. NY: Random House, 1971. Biography of [[Thomas Hariot]].

; Translations by Rukeyser
* ''Selected Poems of Octavio Paz.'' Indiana University Press, 1963. Rev. ed. published as ''Early Poems 1935-1955,'' New Directions, 1973.
* ''Sun Stone.'' [[Octavio Paz]]. New Directions, 1963.
* ''Selected Poems of Gunnar Ekelöf.'' With Leif Sjöberg. Twayne, 1967.
* ''Three Poems.'' [[Gunnar Ekelöf]]. T. Williams, 1967.
* ''Uncle Eddie's Moustache.'' [[Bertolt Brecht]]. 1974.
* ''A Molna Elegy: Metamorphoses.'' Gunnar Ekelöf. With Leif Sjöberg. 2 volumes. Unicorn Press, 1984.

; Edited collections of Rukeyser's works
* ''The Collected Poems of Muriel Rukeyser.'' McGraw, 1978.
* ''Out of Silence: Selected Poems.'' Edited by Kate Daniels. Triquarterly Books, 1992.
*''A Muriel Rukeyser Reader''. Norton, 1994.
*''The Collected Poems of Muriel Rukeyser''. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Barber, David S. "Finding Her Voice: Muriel Rukeyser's Poetic Development." Modern Poetry Studies 11, no. 1 (1982): 127–138
* Barber, David S. "'The Poet of Unity': Muriel Rukeyser's Willard Gibbs." CLIO: A Journal of Literature, History and the Philosophy of History 12 (Fall 1982): 1–15; "Craft Interview with Muriel Rukeyser." New York Quarterly 11 (Summer 1972) and in The Craft of Poetry, edited by William Packard (1974)
* Daniels, Kate, ed. Out of Silence: Selected Poems of Muriel Rukeyser (1992), and "Searching/Not Searching: Writing the Biography of Muriel Rukeyser." Poetry East 16/17 (Spring/Summer 1985): 70–93
* Gander, Catherine. Muriel Rukeyser and Documentary: The Poetics of Connection (EUP, 2013)
* Gardinier, Suzanne. "'A World That Will Hold All The People': On Muriel Rukeyser." Kenyon Review 14 (Summer 1992): 88–105
* Herzog, Anne E. & Kaufman, Janet E. (1999) "But Not in the Study: Writing as a Jew" in ''How Shall We Tell Each Other of the Poet?: The Life and Writing of Muriel Rukeyser''.
* Jarrell, Randall. Poetry and the Age (1953)
* Kertesz, Louise. The Poetic Vision of Muriel Rukeyser (1980)
* Levi, Jan Heller, ed. A Muriel Rukeyser Reader (1994)
* Myles, Eileen, "[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/life.htm Fear of Poetry] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706072937/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/life.htm |date=July 6, 2008 ))." Review of ''The Life of Poetry'', ''The Nation'' (April 14, 1997). This page includes several reviews, with much biographical information.
* Pacernick, Gary. "Muriel Rukeyser: Prophet of Social and Political Justice." Memory and Fire: Ten American Jewish Poets (1989)
* Rich, Adrienne. "Beginners." Kenyon Review 15 (Summer 1993): 12–19
* Rosenthal, M.L. "Muriel Rukeyser: The Longer Poems." In New Directions in Prose and Poetry, edited by James Laughlin. Vol. 14 (1953): 202–229; 
* Rudnitsky, Lexi. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tulsa_studies_in_womens_literature/v027/27.2.rudnitsky.pdf "Planes, Politics, and Protofeminist Poetics: Muriel Rukeyser's ''Theory of Flight'' and The Middle of the Air]," ''Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature'', v.27, n.2 (Fall 2008), pp.&nbsp;237–257, DOI: 10.1353/tsw.0.0045
* "A Special Issue on Muriel Rukeyser." Poetry East 16/17 (Spring/Summer 1985); 
* Thurston, Michael, "[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/bio.htm Biographical sketch] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704030033/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/bio.htm |date=July 4, 2008 ))." ''Modern American Poetry'', retrieved January 30, 2006
* Turner, Alberta. "Muriel Rukeyser." In Dictionary of Literary Biography 48, s.v. "American Poets, 1880–1945" (1986): 370–375; UJE; 
* "Under Forty." Contemporary Jewish Record 7 (February 1944): 4–9
* Ware, Michele S. "Opening 'The Gates': Muriel Rukeyser and the Poetry of Witness." Women's Studies: An Introductory Journal 22, no. 3 (1993): 297–308; WWWIA, 7.

== External links ==
((wikiquote))
*[http://murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/ Muriel Rukeyser: A Living Archive] Ongoing project by [[Eastern Michigan University]] featuring creative content by Rukeyser as well as critical resources and creative responses by artists and scholars.
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms006024 Muriel Rukeyser papers, 1844–1986] at the [[Library of Congress]]
*[http://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/rukeyser_muriel.html Guide to the Muriel Rukeyser Papers] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924160052/https://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/rukeyser_muriel.html |date=September 24, 2020 )) at the Vassar College Archives and Special Collections Library
*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/rukeyser.htm Muriel Rukeyser] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217062134/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rukeyser/rukeyser.htm |date=December 17, 2008 )) by Michael Thurston, ''Modern American Poetry'', retrieved January 30, 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140617131835/http://murielrukeyser.emuenglish.org/writing/the-book-of-the-dead/ "The Book of the Dead"] by Muriel Rukeyser
*[http://vault.fbi.gov/Muriel%20Rukeyser Muriel Rukeyser's FBI files]
*[http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Rukeyser.php PennSound page] (audio recordings).
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9e7zXKNNwg/ All the Way Home, short film]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Rukeyser, Muriel))
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American tax resisters]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:Bisexual women writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual poets]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American poets]]
[[Category:Jewish feminists]]
[[Category:Jewish women writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual Jews]]
[[Category:American LGBT poets]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Yale Younger Poets winners]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Bisexual academics]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:American bisexual writers]]

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Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser"