The Musqueam Nation (Hunquminum: šxʷməθkʷəy̓əmaɁɬ təməxʷ) is a First Nation whose traditional territory encompasses the western half of what is now Greater Vancouver, in British Columbia, Canada. It is governed by a band council and is known officially as the Musqueam Indian Band under the Indian Act. "Musqueam" (/ˈmʌskwiəm/ⓘMUS-kwee-əm) is an anglicization of the Hunquminum name xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, which means "place of the river grass" or "place where the river grass grows" (məθkʷəy̓ being the Hunquminum name of the plant).
Etymology
"Musqueam" is derived from the Hunquminum name xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, which is itself a derivative of məθkʷəy̓, the Hunquminum name for river grass. River grass was historically abundant in Musqueam territory; xʷməθkʷəy̓əm accordingly means "place of the river grass" or "place where the river grass grows".[3]
The oral history of the Musqueam people speaks to the plant's cultural significance. The Musqueam origin story tells of an enormous double-headed serpent (sʔi:ɬqəy̓) which lived in Camosun Bog (xʷməm̓qʷe:m). The serpent was so massive that its winding path created the Fraser River (stal̕əw̓). All living things that crossed the serpent's path were said to have died, and from the serpent's droppings bloomed new life – river grass – which grew abundantly around the serpent's home. The people of the area therefore named the land xʷməθkʷəy̓əm.[3]
History
Musqueam people with their chief and a Coast Salish house post in the background
The Musqueam people have lived in the Point Grey area of Vancouver, around the mouth of the Fraser River, for at least 4,000 years.[4] Archaeological evidence taken from the Marpole Midden (or Great Fraser Midden) attest to the Musqueam people's thousands-year-old history in the area.[5] The Marpole Midden was the location of c̓əsnaʔəm, a Musqueam village which was the largest 2,500 years ago.[4][6] The changing river delta prompted its inhabitants to move to the present site of the Musqueam 2 reserve.[4] Musqueam 2 has a residential area called "Musqueam Village"; the reserve formerly had a second residential area, the village of Ma Li (maləy̓).[7]
The Marpole Midden is also the location of a sacred Musqueam burial ground which was desecrated by archeologists in the late 19th and early 20th century.[8] Harlan Ingersoll Smith, an archaelogist from the American Museum of Natural History participating in the Jesup North Pacific Expedition from 1897 to 1900, unilaterally excavated from the midden the skeletal remains of as many as 75 Musqueam ancestors, taking them with him back to New York City to be unceremoniously displayed and researched.[9][10] The belongings of those buried at the site, including tools, jewelry, carved artworks and ceremonial objects, were also excavated and taken without consultation of or permission from the Musqueam people. The midden consisted mostly of layers of biofacts such as shells and non-human animal bones, which were not taken.[11]
In 1913, the Canadian federal government and BC provincial government jointly established the McKenna–McBride Royal Commission (officially the "Royal Commission on Indian Affairs") to finalize the boundaries of reserve lands. The Musqueam people gave testimonies to federal and provincial commissioners in which they reasserted their rights to live, fish, and hunt on their traditional, unceded territories.[10] In his testimony, Musqueam chief Johnny (χʷəyχʷayələq) contrasted the Musqueam people's traditional ways of fishing and hunting with those of recently-arrived settlers:[12]
I have a few words to say yet. It is indeed true what the Chairman said, the Indian's custom of taking fish was only by the means of a small net, and they only caught very few, so as not to destroy the fish with a net only 3 feet wide. This is the reason I say that I did not destroy the fish. It is the Whiteman that brought the long nets and catches all kinds of fish. That is the reason the fish are all going away. Whenever we go out and hunt for the deer, if we get one we bring it down and use all the meat – we do not waste any of it, only the guts and the tripe is left behind. The Whiteman goes out hunting for the deer, sometime they shoot a buck and just take the horns or maybe just take the skin off and leave the meat there. It is a living for the Indians, it is a pleasure for the whites, and about the ducks it is the same way. When the Whitemen go out, they shoot all descriptions of ducks and leave them floating in the sea, but when the Indians go out shooting, they know when they have enough but the Whiteman never knows, and about the fish it is the same way. The Whitemen use a long net, and whenever they get so much fish that they cannot sell them, they throw them overboard – but the Indians do not do that whenever we get or catch fish, we know when to stop and we eat or sell all we catch. These are the grievances I bring before you commissioners, and I say that the food of the Indians is being seized and destroyed.
He also reasserted the Musqueam people's right to fish along the Fraser River, saying:[10]
When I want to go fishing, the two parties are also holding on to each end of my boat – there are initials and numbers on the bow and initials and numbers on the stern, and I know that I own the water... When I want to catch fish for my living I do not want to be interfered with at all.
Territory
Musqueam Declaration
On June 10, 1976, the Musqueam people collectively made the Musqueam Declaration, which was ratified by then Musqueam chief, Delbert Guerin, and the five members of the Musqueam band council.[13] The Musqueam Declaration described the traditional territory of the Musqueam people as follows:
The lands, lakes and streams defined and included by a line commencing at Harvey Creek in Howe Sound and proceeding Eastward to the height of land and continuing on the height of land around the entire watershed draining into English Bay, Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm; South along the height of land between Coquitlam River and Brunette River to the Fraser River, across to the South or left bank of the Fraser River and proceeding downstream taking in the left Bank of the main stream and the South Arm to the sea, including all those intervening lands, islands and waters back along the sea shore to Harvey Creek, AND, the sea, its reefs, flats, tidal lands and islands adjacent to the above described land and out to the centre of Georgia Strait.
The Musqueam people speak Hunquminum (hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓), the downriver dialect of the Salishan language Halkomelem. The Musqueam people are closely related to neighbouring peoples of the lower Fraser River. The nearby Kwantlen and Katzie First Nations just upriver share the same dialect, while the upriver Sto:lo people speak another dialect, Halkomelem (Halq'əméyləm) or the upriver dialect. The Cowichan, Chemainus, Snuneymuxw and neighbouring Coast Salish peoples of Vancouver Island and the parts of the Gulf Islands of the southern Gulf of Georgia speak a third dialect, Hulquminum (Hul'qumi'num'), often called the straits or island dialect. It is not to be confused with North Straits Salish, which is a group of related dialects to the south.[18]
In early 2018, the University of British Columbia (UBC) installed 54 Hunquminum-language street signs at its main campus, located in the Point Grey area. UBC's satellite campus in Okanagan had already put up signs in Nsyilxcen, the language of the Okanagan Nation.[19]
Flag
Musqueam students Grace Point (left) and Brett Sparrow (right) raise the Musqueam flag at UBC's Point Grey campus, February 25, 2019.
The Musqueam flag was designed by Musqueam artist Susan Point, who also helped design the flag of Nunavut.[20][21] The design of the flag is a white Canadian pale on a teal field, with an arrowhead in the centre depicting a salmon leaping above a net.
The flag was permanently raised at UBC's Point Grey campus during a public ceremony on February 25, 2019. The act was meant to symbolize the university's commitment to furthering their partnership with the Musqueam people, as the Vancouver campus is located on unceded Musqueam territory. Musqueam students Grace Point and Brett Sparrow were invited to raise the flag. Musqueam chief Wayne Sparrow and then UBC president Santa Ono were in attendance.[20][22]
^"xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam)", First Peoples Language Map, Aboriginal Languages Initiative (ALI), First Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council (FPHLCC), 2011–2012, retrieved December 4, 2013
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