The Musqueam people are one of the three host nations of the Vancouver area, and have shared territory with the Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh Nations. The Great Marpole Midden[3][4] (also known as the Eburne Site, or Great Fraser Midden), is an ancient Musqueam village and burial site located in what has been developed as the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia.
This area was also known as the Great Fraser Midden. The midden is a thousands-year-old site from which as many as seventy-five human skeletal remains of Musqueam ancestors were excavated.[5] Additionally, Musqueam ancestral belongings (commonly referred to as "artifacts") were also found in the area such as: stone and wooden tools, artwork, and biofacts such as shells and other animal remains.[6] The village was known as c̓əsnaʔəm.[6] Formerly there was a second residential area near the current one, maləy̓, known in English as Mahlie.[7]
The Musqueam's ancestors, the Coast Salish, have lived in the Fraser River estuary for thousands of years. Musqueam describes their traditional territory in their Musqueam Declaration, which was ratified by Musqueam community leaders on June 10, 1976.[8]
The Musqueam Declaration describes their traditional territory as follows:
The lands, lakes and streams defined and included by a line commencing at Harvey Creek in Howe Sound and proceeding Eastward to the height of land and continuing on the height of land around the entire watershed draining into English Bay, Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm; South along the height of land between Coquitlam River and Brunette River to the Fraser River, across to the South or left bank of the Fraser River and proceeding downstream taking in the left Bank of the main stream and the South Arm to the sea, including all those intervening lands, islands and waters back along the sea shore to Harvey Creek, AND, the sea, its reefs, flats, tidal lands and islands adjacent to the above described land and out to the centre of Georgia Strait.
— Council & Chief & Musqueam Community, Musqueam Declaration[8]
The area of the Musqueam Reserve is the closest that Hudson's Bay Company explorer Simon Fraser reached to the Strait of Georgia; he was driven back by hostile Musqueam who had had bad experiences with Europeans on ships just prior. Chief Whattlekainum of the Kwantlen warned Fraser of an impending attack, thereby saving his life.[citation needed]
Their traditional language is hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓, the Downriver Dialect of the Salishan languageHalkomelem; they are closely related to neighbouring peoples of the lower Fraser River. The nearby Kwantlen and Katzie peoples just upriver share the same hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ dialect, while the upriver Sto:lo people speak another dialect, Halq’əméyləm (known as the Upriver Dialect). The Cowichan, Chemainus, Snuneymuxw and neighbouring Coast Salish peoples of Vancouver Island and the parts of the Gulf Islands of the southern Gulf of Georgia speak another dialect, Hul'qumi'num' (usually spelled Hulquminum), often called the Straits dialect, or Island Halkomelem. It is not to be confused with North Straits Salish, which is a group of related dialects to the south.
In early 2018 the University of British Columbia installed at its main Vancouver campus 54 street signs in the Musqueam language, written in Americanist phonetic notation. (In 2010, UBC’s Okanagan satellite campus had put up signs in Nsyilxcen, the language of the Okanagan Nation. Before the 2010 Olympic Games, the British Columbia government installed road signs in Squamish, Lil’wat and English on the Sea-to-Sky Highway between Whistler and Vancouver, BC.)[9]
The xʷməθkʷəy̓əm Musqueam dialect, hən̓q̓əmin̓əm is from the Hul’q’umi’num’/Halq'eméyle/hən̓q̓əmin̓əm language family.[10]
Flag
Musqueam flag
The Musqueam flag represents the Musqueam Nation and people. It was designed by Musqueam artist Susan Point,[11] who also helped design the flag of Nunavut.[12] The design of the flag is a white Canadian pale on a teal field, with an arrowhead in the centre depicting a salmon leaping above a net.
The flag was permanently raised on the Vancouver campus of the University of British Columbia during a public ceremony on February 25, 2019.[11][13] The act was meant to symbolize the university's commitment to furthering their partnership with the Musqueam people, as the Vancouver campus is located on unceded Musqueam territory.[11]
^Smith, Harlan Ingersoll. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History; v. 4, pt. 4; Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition ; v. 2, pt. 4 1903, p. 187.
"c̓əsnaʔəm", Musqueam: a living culture, Vancouver, BC: Musqueam Indian Band, 2011, archived from the original on December 7, 2013, retrieved December 2, 2013
"xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam)", First Peoples Language Map, Aboriginal Languages Initiative (ALI), First Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council (FPHLCC), 2011–2012, retrieved December 4, 2013
Dunkley, Katharine. Indian Rights and Federal Responsibilities: Supreme Court Musqueam Decision. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1985.
Guerin, Arnold, and J. V. Powell. Hunq̓umỉn̉um ̉= Musqueam Language. Book 1. [Vancouver, B.C.?]: Musqueam Band, 1975.
Johnson, Elizabeth Lominska, and Kathryn N. Bernick. Hands of Our Ancestors: The Revival of Salish Weaving at Musqueam. [Vancouver?]: University of British Columbia, Museum of Anthropology, 1986. ISBN0-88865-108-2
Suttles, Wayne P. Musqueam Reference Grammar. First Nations languages. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004. ISBN0-7748-1002-5
Weightman, Barbara Ann. The Musqueam Reserve: A Case Study of the Indian Social Milieu in an Urban Environment. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington, 1978.
