Life
| Vlastimirović dynasty |
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Vlastimir died sometime between 845 and 850[10] and his rule was divided among his three sons: Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik.[11] Although they ruled in an oligarchy, Mutimir had the supreme rule, and the two brothers acted as vassals to him.[12]
In 853 or 854, the Bulgar Army, led by Vladimir, the son of Boris I of Bulgaria, invaded Serbia in an attempt to exact vengeance for the previous defeat. The Serbian Army was led by Mutimir and his brothers, which defeated the Bulgars, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars.[11] Boris I and Mutimir agreed to cease hostilities (and perhaps an alliance,[11] and Mutimir sent his sons Bran and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace. Boris gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs".[13]
An internal conflict among the brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court.[11][14] He, however, kept the son of Gojnik, Petar, in his court for political reasons.[12] Petar soon fled to Croatia.[14] The reason for the feud is not known, although it is hypothesized that it was the result of treachery.[12]
The Saracens attacked Ragusa in 866.[15] The Ragusians asked Basil I for help, which he answered, sending a large fleet with his admiral Niketas Ooryphas.[15] The pagan Narentines sacked a ship with emissaries returning from Constantinople, which enraged Basil I, resulting in him sending a fleet and subsequently subduing them.[15] By 878, all of Dalmatia was under Byzantine rule (Theme of Dalmatia),[16] and most of the land was under the religious jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[15]
Mutimir died in 891 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Pribislav.[11] Mutimir and his son Pribislav (as "Preuuisclavo") were apparently entered in the Cividale Gospels, which could indicate Serbian contacts with Aquileia.[17] Serbia's transition to Christianity would, therefore, coincide with similar initiatives by Rome in Moravia and Bosnia-Slavonia (as, incidentally, also in Bulgaria) and suggest a coordinated action in south-eastern Europe originating in Rome. [18]
Christianization
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Further information: Serbian Orthodox Church |
Early medieval Serbs are accounted as Christian by 870s,[19][20] with the Christianization of Southwestern Slavs beginning in the 7th century under influence of the Roman Church.[21][22][23]
According to 29th chapter of De Administrando Imperio and 54th chapter of Vita Basilii by Constantine VII, the Serbs and other Slavs became (re-)baptized by Constantinopolitan missionaries sent by Basil I.[24][20][25] The account is probably an invented narrative by Constantine VII to give credit to Basil I for Christianization which started in the 7th century amid ecclesiastical turmoil between Constantinople and Rome in the region,[26] or a misinterpretation based on the account in his father's Tactica about Basil I baptizing and graecizing the Slavs in Greece.[27] In the DAI chapters specifically about the Serbs and others, Basil I is not mentioned in any political or religious context of the Serbs and others.[28] The Christianization was only partly due to Byzantine and subsequent Bulgarian influence,[19] because Basil I's activity had in plan expansion on the already present Christian organization of the Roman Church in the region of former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum (including Bulgaria) and getting control over the Serbs and others.[29][30][31][32] In the same century the region was also politically contested between Carolingian Empire and Byzantine Empire.[33] Basil I probably sent at least one embassy to Mutimir.[34]
"The priests there loose and wandering, coming from all sides, occupy some church services against canons, certainly commit many wicked acts against God's rules, for being acephali. That is why I warn you that you, following the customs of your ancestors, as much as you can try to get back to the Pannonian Diocese. And since there has just been ordained a bishop, thanks to God, by the See of the Blessed Apostle Peter, place yourself back under his pastoral care"
—Pope John VIII letter to Mutimir, May 873.
Mutimir seemingly decided to maintain the communion of Church in Serbia with the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople when Pope John VIII of Roman Church invited him to get back to the jurisdiction of the bishopric of Sirmium (see also Archbishopric of Moravia) in a letter dated to May 873.[35][36][37][38] Komatina considered that the pope wanted to strenghten the influence of Roman Church on the eastern part of Illyricum considering the borders from a distant past and not recent including Mutimir's actual ancestors.[39] The Serbs and Bulgarians subsequently adopted the Old Slavonic liturgy instead of the Greek.[1] During the rule of Kotsel of Pannonia (861–874), communications between Serbia and Great Moravia must have been possible.[19] There is a possibility that some Cyrillomethodian pupils reached Serbia in the 870s or 880s.[19][40] The lasting Christian identity is evident in the tradition of theophoric names in the next generation of Serb royalty: Petar Gojniković, Stefan Mutimirović and Pavle Branović. Petros and Stephanos are both characteristically Byzantine.[19]
Alexis P. Vlasto argued that the Eparchy of Ras was founded during Mutimir's rule, as a bishopric of Serbia, at Ras with the church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul,[41] as part of the general plan of establishing bishoprics in the Slav lands of the Empire, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople in 879–880,[41] most significantly related to the creation of the autonomous Archbishopric for Bulgaria of which Roman Church lost jurisdiction.[42][39] However, according to Predrag Komatina, there is no mention of any bishopric in Serbia. In early medieval Europe, the existence of a Christian church without a bishop in a specific land was not uncommon, and being placed under the Pannonian Bishop implies that there was no local Serbian bishop at the time.[43] Tibor Živković concluded, based on primary sources of the Church of Constantinople, that there was no information regarding the establishment of any new ecclesiastical center and organization in Serbia, that the Serbian ecclesiastical center and capital was at Destinikon, while Ras in the mid-9th century was only a border fort which became the ecclesiastical center of the bishopric by 1019-1020.[44] The imperial charter of Basil II from 1020 to the Archbishopric of Ohrid, in which the rights and jurisdictions were established, has the earliest mention of the Bishopric/Episcopy of Ras, stating it belonged to the Bulgarian autocephal church during the time of Peter I (927–969) and Samuel of Bulgaria (977–1014).[30][45] Sima Ćirković considered that it was founded by the Bulgarian emperor,[46] but it most likely represented the latest date in which it could have been integrated into the Bulgarian Church.[47] The episcopy probably was part of the Bulgarian metropolis of Morava, but certainly not of Durrës.[48] If it was on the Serbian territory, it seems that the Church in Serbia or part of the territory of Serbia became linked and influenced by the Bulgarian Church between 870 and 924.[49][50][51]
