The Narasimhaswamy temple in Namakkal, a town in Namakkal district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Narasimha (Acham theertha Piran in Tamil), an avatar of Vishnu. The temple is one of the 108 Abhimana Kshethrams of Vaishnavate tradition. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture and Rock-cut architecture, the temple is located in the Salem–Namakkal–Trichy Road. The legend of the temple is associated with Narasimha, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu appearing for Lakshmi, his consort, and Hanuman. Based on the architectural features, historians believe that the temple was built during the 6th century by the Adiyamans[1] also called Satyaputras as evident from the inscription mentioning the temple as 'Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham' or 'The house of Vishnu of the Adiyaman kings'.[2][3]
The temple has a pillared hall leading to the sanctum, which has rock-cut architecture. The sanctum sanctorum is rock-cut and square in shape with a black background. The sanctum has three sculpted cells, two pillars and a verandah in front of it. The central sanctum sanctorum niche houses the image of Narasimha in sitting posture, called Asana murti. The temple complex houses two other sanctums. These sanctums house Namagiri Tayar and Lakshmi Narayana. There is a separate shrine for the goddess Namagiri Lakshmi, who is also referred to as Namagiri Tayar.
The temple is open from 7:00 am – 1:00 pm and 4:30 - 8:00 pm. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which fifteen-day Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (March - April) when the image of presiding deities are taken around the streets of the temple, being the most prominent. The annual car festival for the Narasimhaswamy temple is celebrated in March and April every year (The Tamil month of Panguni) as per the Vaikhanasa tradition.
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
View of the Mandapam and Kodi Marram in the temple
Legend
Replica of the Main Deity Worshiped by Shiva (left) and Brahma (right)Ugra Narasimha Panel in the cave temple and is suggested very rare among the rock cut sculptures.
As per Hindu legend, Hiranyakashipu, an asura king, was troubling the devas and devis (celestial deities) as he got a boon from Brahma that no human can kill him, neither could he be killed in morning, noon or night nor in air, water, or the ground. His son Prahalada was an ardent devotee of Vishnu, garnering the hate of his father. Hiranyakashipu tried to slay Prahalada at various times as he did not like Prahalada being more devoted to Vishnu than to him. But everytime he made attempts to kill his son Pralahada, he was somehow saved by the divine grace of Vishnu. During the last heated argument between the two, Hiranyakashipu was asking if Vishnu was present everywhere and went on to break a pillar with his weapon. Vishnu assumed the avatara of Narasimha and came out of the opening in the pillar. Narasimha was a half-human with a lion face and killed Hiranyakashipu during sunset (evening) time in a doorway, which was neither land nor air. And that is how Vishnu in the form of Narasimha killed Hiranyakashipu and saved Prahalad from being killed by his father Hiranyakasipu.[4][5]
Ages past by, when Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu was angry and performing penance because Narasimha did not forgive Hiranyakashpu. Hanuman (locally called Anjaneyar) was carrying an image made of shaligramas came here and requested Lakshmi (who was in a disguise), Hanuman entrusted the shaligrama to her and requested her to hold it until he returns. Lakshmi could not bear the weight and placed the image at this place, which grew into a mount before Hanuman could return. Narasimha appeared before both of them and set his abode at this place in this stone statue.[5] This the place where Mahalakshmi got back into the chest of Vishnu and can be seen even today in the main deity's Chest. Narasimha is Worshiped by Shiva and Brahma who is in the form of eternal truth and the Supreme god as mentioned in the Yajur Veda.[6]
Though Alwars have not glorified this temple, Sri Purandarasa (1500 CE), a Kannada Hari dasa, known as Pithamaha of Carnatic music had visited this place and glorified the God by composing a Kannada song front of Namagiri Narashimhar, he composed his famous song "Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane" to this Perumal.[7]
The temple has a huge history and doesn't have enough inscriptions in the temple, The temple is believed to be built during the 6th century CE by the Pandya or Satyaputra kings in rock-cut architecture with the inscriptions found in the Ranganatha temple excavated in the same Namakkal hill.[8] Historian Soundara Rajan places the date to a pre-Varagunan I (800–830 CE) era on the 8th century.[9] Based on the palaeography and rock-cut architecture, P.R. Srinivasan has placed it at 6th century. Most of the historians have compared the temples with similar architectural elements found in Badami Caves (6th century) and a possible influence. There are few inscriptions in the temple, especially an undated inscription in Grantha Charecters of Sanskrit at the Ranganatha temple which are similar to the inscriptions in the Ganesha Ratha in Mahabalipuram, which is on the another cave in the upper part of the hill. There are totally four main inscriptions in this Ranganatha temple, the first main inscription mentions it as Adiyanatha Vishnu Grham by Gunasila King and Adiyendra Vishnu Gruham, which evidently shows that the cave was excavated by the Satyaputra Kings, the recently discovered inscription not only confirms this but also mentions the king's name as Gunasila (Dated 500 CE). Historians believe it is possible that both the temples were built during the same period.[10] Some historians have argued that the Alvars during the Bhakti tradition have discarded Rock-cut images and hence no mention is found in the Nalayira Divya Prabandham about this temple. But the argument is disproved by other historians who have quoted rock-cut temples like Thirumeyyam in Pudukottai district and Ninra Narayana Perumal temple in Virudhunagar district finding mention in the canon.[2] The records of the details of the inscriptions are found in the Annual report of Epigraphy -1961.
Architecture
The Cave temple is considered as an Architectural Marvell in Rock-cut Architecture, Dr S Vasanthi states that the sculpture of "Ugra Narasimha" in the cave was unknown even to the Pallavas and Chalukyas and is a very rare sculpture among the other sculptures in the Cave.[11] The temple is located along Namakkal-Salem road in Namakkal town, Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu.[12] The temple carved out of an imposing hill, is located in the downhill of the Namakkal Fort, on the western flank of the hill.[8] The temple has a flat gateway tower and a second entrance, also with a flat gateway leading to the pillared halls. The main sanctum sanctorum houses the image of Lord Narasimha in sitting posture, called Asanamurthi with Sanaka, Sanata, Surya, Chandra, Shiva and Brahma worshiping him.[13] The sanctum is rock-cut and square in shape with a black background.[2] The sanctum has three sculpted cells, two pillars and a verandah in front of it. The image of Narasimhar is treated as a Yogasana image, with the images under his feet seen to be the Sun and the Moon. It is not called a Bhogasana as the consorts on either side of him are absent. He has Shiva and Brahma on his either sides and he is sported with two hands holding the conch and the chakra. There is a panel depicting the narrative of Vamana, who takes water from Mahabali and later grows big as Trivikrama to submerge Bali under his feet as per the Skanda Purana. Historians consider this as a deviation from the monoscenic sculptures in temples of Kanchipuram and Mahabalipuram.[14]
Ariel View of the Temple and Anjaneyar facing this temple
The temple has other sculptural relief on the walls of the temple depicting Trivikrama, Narasimha slaying Hiranyakashipu and Ananta sayana Vishnu.[8] The temple tank, Kamalalayam, is located outside the temple.[15] There are similar rock-cut images in the temple halfway up the Namakkal Fort.[8]
The temple complex houses two other sanctums. These sanctums house Namagiri Tayar and Lakshmi Narayana.
There are number of sacred bathing places or tirthams in hollows in the sides of the rock and the largest of them is called "Kamalalayam" which is sacred to Lakshmi.
Influence on People
Sri Purandaradasa
Sri Purandarasa (1500 CE), a Kannada Hari dasa, known as "Pithamaha of Carnatic music" and is considered as incarnation of Narada.[16][17] This great saint had visited this Kshethram and Worshiped Narasimha and Lakshmi, he also composed a Kannada song on spot by seeing the beauty of Namagiri Narashimhar and Namagiri Thayar, he composed his famous song "Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane" to this Perumal and Thayar.[18]
Srinivasa Ramanujan
The great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan credited his mathematical findings to Namagiri Tayar, his family's goddess. According to Ramanujan, she appeared to him in visions, proposing mathematical formulas that he would then have to verify. One such event was described by him as follows: "While asleep, I had an unusual experience. There was a red screen formed by flowing blood, as it were. I was observing it. Suddenly a hand began to write on the screen. I became all attention. That hand wrote a number of elliptic integrals. They stuck to my mind. As soon as I woke up, I committed them to writing."[19] Furthermore, Ramanujan's mother received permission from Namagiri Tayar for Ramanujan to go to England in a dream.[20]
Mantra chanted by Ramanujan
Sri Vidya Mantra Ratna Prakatitha Vibhavaa
Sri Subalaapoorna Kaama, sarveshaprathidhaa
Sakala suranuthaa Sarvasaamraajyathaathri
Lakshmi Sri Veda Garba Vidhurathu Madhiyaa
Viswa kalyana bhooma ,Vishwa Kshemaatham Yoga
Vimala Gunavathi Vishnu Vakshathalasya[21]
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Chakravarti RajagopalachariBR (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972), popularly known as Rajaji, C.R., or Mootharignar Rajaji,[22] was an Indian statesman, writer, lawyer, and independence activist.[23] Namagiri Thayar was the Family goddess for Rajaji and he had immense devotion towards her, He was so devoted to her that he named his daughter Namagiri Ammal.[24]
Festival and religious practices
Sculpted pillared halls leading to the cave sanctum
The temple priests perform the pooja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: Kalasandhi at 7:00 a.m., Uchikala poojai at 12:30 p.m., Sayarakshai at 4:30 p.m., and Arthajama Pooja at 7:45 p.m.Each ritual has three steps: alangaram (decoration), neivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for the presiding deities. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 7:00 am – 1:00 pm and 4:30 - 8:00 pm and The Great Hanuman Temple is open Morning 6.30 am to 1.00 pm. and Evening 4.30 pm to 9.00 pm. on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings.[25] The major festivals of the temple is the fifteen day Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (March - April) when the image of presiding deities are taken around the streets of the temple in a temple chariot. The sacred marriage of the presiding deity is also performed during the function.[26] Other festivals of the temple include Chittirai Tamil New year, Vaigasi Visagam, Telugu New Year, Avani Pavitrotsavam, Narasimhar Jayanthi, Vaikuntha Ekadashi and Thai Pongal during various months of the year.[5][27] In modern times, the Namakkal district administration has identified the temple as one of the prominent tourist attractions in the district.[28] The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.[5]
^ abcV.G., Rajan (December 1999). "Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance". East and West. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). 49 (1/4): 189–194. JSTOR29757426.
^K.V., Soundara Rajan (1998). Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines. Somaiya Publications. p. 59. ISBN9788170392187.
^P.R., Srinivasan (1961). "Sculptures in the Two Rock-Cut Vaiṣṇava Cave Temples of Nāmakkal". Artibus Asiae. Artibus Asiae Publishers. 24 (2): 107–116. doi:10.2307/3249275. JSTOR3249275.
^India. Office of the Registrar General (1965). Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General. Manager of Publications.
^"Temple timings". Narasimhaswamy Anjaneyar Temple administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^V., Meena (1974). Temples in South India (1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 40.
^"Temple festivals". Narasimhaswamy Anjaneyar Temple administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^"Tourist places". Namakkal district administration, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
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