The National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War or National Army Nurses was an organization of former nurses who served in the American Civil War. It was primarily a social organization, but it also advocated for, and helped to secure, recognition and benefits for nurses who had served in the war.
Background
Over 3,000 middle-class white women[1] served as paid or volunteer nurses during the Civil War, working under the charge of Superintendent of Army Nurses Dorothea Dix. Many of them had no prior medical training. They learned on the job through hard experience, while being exposed to the dangers of the battlefield. Often they were greeted with hostility by the male army surgeons.[2] After the war, these women often received no official government recognition or pension for their services.[2]
History
The organization was established by Dorothea Dix on June 18, 1881[3] as the "Ex-Nurse's Association of the District of Columbia."[3] It was a social organization, but also advocated for recognition and benefits for members. The society worked to aid members in seeking employment, to care for them during illness, and to promote the honor of the Union.[4]
Dix was elected president of the organization for life. The group met each year in Washington DC, and soon started meeting during the National Encampments (reunions of Civil War veterans) held most years by the Grand Army of the Republic.[3] The group met in during the G.A.R. encampment of 1888.[4] The group met annually.[4]
Memorial to U.S. Civil War nurses in the Massachusetts State House: "Angels of mercy and life amid scenes of conflict and death"
At the Encampment of 1892, the group attracted 35 members from all across the United States. Therefore, the group's name was changed to the National Association of Army Nurses of the Late War.[3]
No meetings were held for two years, but the roup re-instituted for a national meeting in Louisville, Kentucky on September 13, 1895.[4] In 1897, the group, then known as the National Army Nurses Association, convened in Buffalo at their headquarters at the Women's Christian Association Building.[4] There were about 500 members.[4]
Association members also came together for the annual G.A.R. encampment of 1899, which was held in Philadelphia. The officers that year were: Elizabeth W. Ewing of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, president; Kate M. Scott of Brookville, Pennsylvania, secretary; Elizabeth Chapman of St. Louis, Missouri, senior vice president; Della A. Fay of Upper Jay, New York, junior vice president; Jeannette M. Morrill of Santon, Michigan, chaplain; Lydia L. Whiteman of Philadelphia, treasurer; Susanna Kripps of Philadelphia, press correspondent; Emily E. Woodley of Philadelphia, councillor; Mary Aston of Philadelphia, financial secretary; Fanny Titus Hazen of Cambridge, Massachusetts, installing officer; and Julia Magill of Florence, New Jersey, guard. All were reported by local newspapers as planning to attend that year's encampment.[5]
By 1901, the name was changed to National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War to distinguish it from the Spanish–American War.[3]
The organization disbanded in September 1931, when only five members were still living.[6]
Membership
Membership was open to applicants who had served at least three months as a paid or volunteer nurse during the Civil War.[7] Documentation was required, and applications needed approval by the local Grand Army of the Republic post.[7]
An 1897 article listed some members of the organization: Dorothea Dix, Harriet P. Dame, Annie Wittanmyer, Nansy Biser, Susan Edson and Caroline Burghardt, Clara Barton, "Mother" Bickerdyke, Mary A. Livermore, and Mary S. Gist.[4] Officers of the organization in 1897 consisted of Emily E. Woodley of Philadelphia (President); Elizabeth W. Ewing of Phoenixvile, PA; Elizabeth Chapman of East St. Louis; Sarah K. Clark of Winona, Minn; Hannah L. Palmer of Canastota, NY; Lydia L. Whiteman of Philadelphia; Mary A. Aston of Philadelphia; Addie L. Ballors of San Francisco; Miss Hancock of Philadelphia; and Mrs. Kripp of Philadelphia.[4]
Benefits
Chief among the achievements of this association were the efforts of its leaders to secure recognition and benefits for the women who had served as nurses during the American Civil War.
Pensions:
In 1892, Congress passed a law which allowed for a pension of $12 per month for all nurses who had been hired and paid by the Government.[3] However, most volunteer nurses still were not awarded pensions, at least as of 1910.[3]
National cemetery privileges:
Members (and in fact all nurses of the Civil War), were entitled to burial in National Cemeteries.[7][8]
Presidents
National Presidents of the Association included many of the well-known nurses of the Civil War:
Mary Ann Bickerdyke Papers: Subject file; National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War, 1899-1900. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Library of Congress (Manuscript Division).
Stearns, Amanda Akin. The Lady Nurse of Ward E. New York, New York: The Baker & Taylor Company, 1909.
"The Diary of a Civil War Nurse." Washington, D.C.: Albert H. Small Documents Gallery, Smithsonian: National Museum of American History, retrieved online May 16, 2018.
Gallery
Presidents and other officers of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War.
^"Veterans Who Will Be at the G.A.R. Celebration Owe Their Lives to the Heroic Self-Sacrifice of These Women Nurses." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Times, Sunday, 20 August 1899.
^"Town New Chief". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 18, 1931. p. 3. Alice Cary Risley…president of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War, said today that her group would be disbanded. Five members remain, [including] Helen Brainerd Cole [secretary] … and Ell Torrance, advocate.
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