Central Bank of Moldova
The National Bank of Moldova (Romanian: Banca Naţională a Moldovei) is the central bank of the Republic of Moldova.[2]
The National Bank of Moldova is an autonomous public legal entity and is responsible to the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova.[3] The primary objective of the National Bank of Moldova shall be to ensure and maintain the price stability. Without prejudice to its primary objective, the National Bank of Moldova shall promote and maintain a financial system based on market principles and shall support the general economic policy of the state.[4]
The National Bank cooperates with the Government with the view to achieving its objectives and, according to the Law, undertakes the necessary measures to implement such cooperation. The NBM periodically informs the public about macroeconomic analysis, financial market evolution and statistic data, including on money supply, credit granting, balance of payments and foreign exchange market.
Regulatory Bank
As the central bank of Moldova, the bank is the primary regulator in the industry, with the authority to issue and withdraw banking licenses and regulate and supervise the banking sector.[5]
Assistance from the IMF and various changes to banking in Moldova resulted in major improvements in the sector. The IMF reported in 2023 that Banks remain adequately capitalised, maintain adequate liquidity coverage and healthy asset quality.[6]
The National Bank of Moldova as the central bank, also controls interest rates and the exchange rate of the Moldovan leu.
Laws passed by the parliament are supplemented by secondary legislation consisting of regulations and decisions issued by the National Bank of Moldova.[5]
History
Following the passing of legislation in 1991, a two-level banking system was formed with the National Bank of Moldova acting as the central bank and being banned from commercial banking activities. Leonid Talmaci was appointed Governor, he would hold office for 18 years and oversee the 1995 banking legislation that would cover the central bank and banking institutions.[7]
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Moldovan Declaration of Independence in 1991, January 1992 saw Moldova began a market economy, however the freeing of price restraints resulted in rapid inflation and for a number of years the economy was in crisis. The country joined the IMF on 12 August 1992 and on 29 November 1993 a new currency was introduced, the Moldovan leu.
2001 saw an improvement in the economy with steady annual growth for a number of years.
As a result of a deliberate act, shortly before the 2014 Moldovan parliamentary election, a bank fraud took place involving three banks. Over a three day period, funds worth $1 billion were transferred to United Kingdom and Hong Kong shell companies used to conceal the real owners of assets,[8][9] then deposited into Latvian bank accounts under the names of various foreigners. An independent investigation appointed by the National Bank of Moldova concluded the three banks transferred at least 13.5 billion lei to five Moldovan companies affiliated with the Shor group, controlled by Ilan Shor. The fraud nearly bankrupted Moldova.[10] On 13 April 2023, a court sentenced Shor to 15 in years in prison in absentia on graft charges and froze all his assets.[11]
In December 2023 the Governor, Octavian Armașu, having been criticised in Parliament for failing to recover stolen financial assets and retaining in office bank employees who were accused in the banking fraud case, was dismissed.[12]
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