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((Infobox militant organization
|name     = National Front for the Salvation of Libya
|logo     = Libya NFSL logo.png
|caption  = Seal of the National Front for the Salvation of Libya
|dates    = ((Start date|1981|10|7|df=yes))<ref name="H_Chapin"/> – ((End date|2012|5|9|df=yes))<ref name="Grant"/>
|motives  = The end of [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi's regime]] and the establishment of a [[Democracy|democratic]] state in Libya
|area     = ((flag|Libya|1977))
|status   = Defunct; reorganized into the [[National Front Party (Libya)|National Front Party]]
))
((Infobox War Faction
| name             = National Front for the Salvation of Libya<br>الجبهة الوطنية لإنقاذ ليبيا
| war              = 
| image            = Flag of the National Front for the Salvation of Libya.svg
| caption          = Flag of the NFSL.
| active           = 1981 - 2012
| leaders          = 
| clans            = 
| ideology         = Anti-[[Third International Theory|Gaddafism]]<br/>[[Liberalism]]<br/>[[Progressivism]]
| headquarters     = [[Khartum]] (until 1985)
| area             = [[Libya]]<br>[[Western Europe]] (1980s)
| size             = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| split            = 
| allies           = ((flag|Sudan)) (until 1985)<br>((flag|Chad)) (until 1990)<br>((flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg)) [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] (until 1990)<br>((flag|United States))<br>((flag|France)) (limited)<br>((flag|United Kingdom))<br>((flag|Zaire)) (until 1997)<br>((flag|Israel)) (alleged)<br>'''Non-states allies'''<br>((flagdeco|Libya)) [[Al-Burkan]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood (2).png|23px|border|link=Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Libya<br>
| opponents        = ((flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya))
| battles          = [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]]<br>[[Bab al-Azizia mutiny]]
))

The '''National Front for the Salvation of Libya''' ('''NFSL''') was a [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Opposition, coups and revolts|political opposition]] group active during the rule of the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi regime]] in [[Libya]]. It was formed in 1981 and called for major liberalising reforms such as [[democracy|democratic]] [[election]]s, a [[Freedom of the press|free press]], and the [[separation of powers]].<ref name="H_Chapin">((cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8220.html|title=LIBYA: a country study, Chapter 4. Government and Politics: Opposition to Qadhafi: Exiled Opposition|editor-last=Metz |editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |year=1987|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|access-date=20 March 2011))</ref> During the 1980s, it pursued a campaign of armed opposition to the Gaddafi regime and made several [[coup]] attempts, the most notable being its 1984 armed assault on Gaddafi's [[Bab al-Azizia]] compound in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name="IBL_Times">((cite web|title=Who are the real Libyan opposition?|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/127491/20110328/libya-gaddafi-opposition-the-national-front-for-the-salvation-of-libya-nfsl-national-conference-for.htm|work=International Business Times|access-date=10 August 2012))</ref> After the failure of this and several other coup attempts the group largely abandoned militancy, and instead used peaceful tactics to promote reform in Libya; in 2005, the NFSL joined with six other groups to form the [[National Conference for the Libyan Opposition]].<ref name="IBL_Times" />

With the fall of the Gaddafi regime in the 2011 [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], the NFSL's main long-term goal was fulfilled. Consequently, after the war's end, the NFSL dissolved itself and was replaced by the [[National Front Party (Libya)|National Front Party]], which won 3 seats in the [[Libyan General National Congress election, 2012|2012 General National Congress election]].<ref>((cite news |first=Umar |last=Khan |title=Party Profile: The National Front |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=30 June 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=10176))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=National Congress party results|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=11233|newspaper=Libya Herald|access-date=10 August 2012))</ref> The NFSL's founder and former leader, [[Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf]] was appointed Chairman of the General National Congress, effectively making him interim [[head of state]].<ref>((cite web|title=Gaddafi opponent elected Libya assembly chief|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281001045727347.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=10 August 2012))</ref>

== History ==
((More citations needed section|date=August 2012))
[[Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf]], a former Libyan ambassador to [[India]], founded the NFSL on 7 October 1981, at a [[press conference]] held in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]].<ref name="H_Chapin"/> The group was allowed to operate out of Sudan until 1985, when the country's leader, [[Gaafar Nimeiry]] was ousted in a [[Transitional Military Council (1985)|coup d'état]]. The NFSL launched a wide campaign to topple the regime of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, establishing a [[Shortwave|short-wave radio]] station, a commando military training camp and also published a bi-monthly newsletter, ''Al Inqadh'' (''Salvation''). According to various sources, the group was supported by the government of [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United States]]' [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>((cite book|last=Vandewalle|first=Dirk |title=Α History of Modern Libya|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Woodward |first=Bob |title=Veil: The secret wars of the CIA, 1981-1987|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Nutter|first=John Jacob |title=The CIA's black ops|year=1999|publisher=Prometheus Books))</ref>

On 17 April 1984, the NFSL organised a demonstration of Libyan dissidents outside the Libyan embassy in [[London]]. During the demonstration, shots were fired from the embassy into the group of protestors, striking eleven people, including one of the [[London Metropolitan Police|police officers]] controlling the demonstration, [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher|Yvonne Fletcher]], who died shortly afterward. Fletcher's murder quickly led to the severing of diplomatic relations between Britain and Libya.

=== Military action ===

Three weeks after the embassy protest, on 8 May 1984, NFSL commandos took part in an attack on Gaddafi's [[Bab al-Azizia]] compound in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], in an attempt to assassinate the Libyan leader. The attack was thwarted when the group's leader, Ahmed Ibrahim Ihwas, was captured when trying to enter Libya at the [[Tunisia]]n border. Although the coup attempt failed and Gaddafi escaped unscathed, dissident groups claimed that some eighty Libyans, [[Cuba]]ns, and [[East Germany|East German]]s had been killed in the operation. Some 2,000 people were arrested in Libya following the attack, and eight were hanged publicly.

NFSL continued its efforts to topple Gaddafi and formed the Libyan National Army (LNA), after a group of soldiers, taken prisoner by [[Chad]] during the [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]], defected from the Libyan Army and joined the NFSL in 1987. The LNA was later evacuated from Chad after the President [[Hissène Habré]] was overthrown by one of his former officers, [[Idriss Déby]], who was backed by Gaddafi.

A 1996 BBC Channel 4 investigative report linked the NFLS to another militant anti-Gaddafi group [[Al-Burkan]] which assassinated several Libyan diplomats in Europe during the 1980s.<ref>((cite news |title=Murder in St James' Square |work=Dispatches |agency=Channel 4 |publisher=British Broadcast Corporation |date=1996))</ref>

=== Political opposition ===
Having apparently given up the idea of a military takeover, the NFSL continued its opposition to Gaddafi by media campaigns and forming political alliances with other opposition groups. The NFSL was one of seven other Libyan opposition groups that formed the [[National Conference for the Libyan Opposition]] (NCLO) which was founded in June 2005 at the first NCLO conference in London.  The NFSL and three other organizations withdrew from this alliance in February 2008 citing differences of opinion.  In a statement issued by the NFSL on 28 February 2008,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.libyanfsl.com/البياناتوالتصريحات/tabid/70/mid/452/newsid452/1641/language/en-US/Default.aspx|script-title=ar:بيان صحفي|publisher=National Front for the Salvation of Libya|language=Arabic|access-date=20 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713203957/http://www.libyanfsl.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA/tabid/70/mid/452/newsid452/1641/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=13 July 2011))</ref> the NFSL announced its withdrawal from the NCLO due to what it called "straying away from the 'National Accord of 2005'". The NFSL continued its media campaigns, primarily utilizing online mediums.  Though relatively weaker than before,<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12612169|title=Libya's hunt for a Gaddafi alternative|last=Joffe|first=George|date=1 March 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=20 March 2011))</ref> and without a clear method of carrying out its objective of toppling the Gaddafi regime, the NFSL continued to be recognized as the leading opposition movement to Col. Gaddafi's rule of Libya.

After the 2011 [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], the group's leaders were allowed to return to Libya. However, with the fall of the Gaddafi regime the NFSL lost its raison d'être, and thus it dissolved itself on 9 May 2012<ref name="Grant">((cite news |last=Grant |first=George |title=Analysis: Magarief victory paves way for emergence of Abushagur as PM |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=12628 |quote=[...] the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), the forerunner of the National Front up to 9 May 2012, [...] |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=12 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012))</ref> and was replaced by the [[National Front Party (Libya)|National Front Party]], which won 3 seats in the [[Libyan General National Congress election, 2012|General National Congress election]], Libya's first free election in more than 40 years.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-283692743/national-front-salvation-libya.html National Front for Salvation of Libya forms political party, outlines plans.]</ref>

==Organization==
((More citations needed section|date=August 2012))
The NFSL organizational structure was based on two primary bodies, the National Congress (المجلس الوطني) and the Permanent Bureau (المكتب الدائم).((citation needed|date=August 2012)) The National Congress was the highest authority in the NFSL. The Permanent Bureau was elected during National Congress sessions and represented the legislative authority when it was not in session. The Permanent Bureau was also responsible for overseeing the executive body of the NFSL. The Executive Committee (اللجنة التنفذية) was led by the Secretary-General, who was also elected during National Congress sessions. The Executive Committee was made up of several Commissioners who each oversaw different programs of the opposition organization, as well as the Deputy Secretary-General.

At the time of the group's dissolution in 2012, the NFSL Executive Committee was led by Secretary-General [[Ibrahim Abdulaziz Sahad]], who was re-elected for his second term during the 5th National Congress held in July 2007 in the United States.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.libyanfsl.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A/tabid/101/language/en-US/Default.aspx|script-title=ar:المجلس الوطني - دورة الإنعقاد الخامسة 2007|publisher=National Front for the Salvation of Libya|language=Arabic|access-date=20 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322044148/http://www.libyanfsl.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A/tabid/101/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=22 March 2011))</ref> Sahad appointed [[Mohammed Ali Abdallah]] as his Deputy. The Permanent Bureau was led by Fawzi al-Tarabulsi, who had previously been elected Vice President of the National Congress and became President upon Dr. Suleiman Abdalla's resignation as President in 2008. The Bureau's leadership also included Vice-President Mohamed Saad and Rapporteur of the Bureau Mohamed Ali Binwasil.

==Notable former members==
* [[Mohammed Magariaf]], former leader of the NFSL, since August 2012 President of the General National Congress and interim head of state
* [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]], from November 2011 to November 2012 deputy prime minister in the interim cabinet, in November 2012 briefly Prime Minister-designate, but lost vote of confidence
* [[Ali Zeidan]], since November 2012 Prime Minister
* [[Khalifa Haftar]], former military leader in the NFSL, on 2 March 2015, he was appointed commander of the armed forces loyal to the Libyan House of Representatives in the midst of the [[Second Libyan Civil War]]

==See also==
* [[Anti-Gaddafi forces]]
* [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]
* [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|Libyan National Liberation Army]]
* [[National Front Party (Libya)|National Front Party]]

==References==
((reflist|2))
((Libyan political parties))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:National Front For The Salvation Of Libya))
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Libya]]
[[Category:First Libyan Civil War]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Libya]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Libya]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in Libya]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1981]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2012]]

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