Crowds near the British pavilion in 2011

The national pavilions host each participant nation's official representation during the Venice Biennale, an international art biennial exhibition held in Venice, Italy. Some countries own pavilion buildings in the Giardini della Biennale while others rent buildings throughout the city, but each country controls its own selection process and production costs.

Background

The Venice Biennale is an international art biennial exhibition held in Venice, Italy. Often described as "the Olympics of the art world", participation in the Biennale is a prestigious event for contemporary artists. The festival has become a constellation of shows: a central exhibition curated by that year's artistic director, national pavilions hosted by individual nations, and independent exhibitions throughout Venice. The Biennale parent organization also hosts regular festivals in other arts: architecture, dance, film, music, and theater.[1]

Outside of the central, international exhibition, individual nations produce their own shows, known as pavilions, as their national representation. Nations that own their pavilion buildings, such as the 30 housed on the Giardini, are responsible for their own upkeep and construction costs as well. Nations without dedicated buildings create pavilions in venues throughout the city.[1]

Giardini national pavilions

Nation Location First exhibition Year of construction[2]
Austria Giardini 1934
Australia Giardini (1988) 2015
Belgium Giardini 1907
Brazil Giardini 1964
Canada Giardini 1957
Central Pavilion Giardini 1895
Czech Republic and Slovakia Giardini 1926
Denmark Giardini 1932
Egypt Giardini 1932
Finland Giardini 1956
France Giardini 1912
Germany Giardini (1909) 1938
Great Britain Giardini 1909
Greece Giardini 1934
Hungary Giardini 1909
Israel Giardini 1952
Japan Giardini 1956
the Netherlands Giardini (1912) 1953
Nordic countries (Sweden/Norway/Finland) Giardini 1962
Poland Giardini 1932
Romania Giardini 1932
Russia Giardini 1914
Serbia Giardini 1932–38
South Korea Giardini 1995
Spain Giardini 1922
Switzerland Giardini 1952
United States Giardini 1930
Uruguay Giardini 1962
Venezuela Giardini 1956
Venice Giardini 1932

Pavilions outside Giardini

Albania

List of exhibitors in the Albanian Pavilion:

Argentina

In 1901, Argentina was the first Latin American nation to participate in the Biennale. In 2011, it was granted a pavilion in the Sale d'Armi, which it will restore.[3]

List of exhibitors in the Argentine Pavilion:

Benin

List of exhibitors in the Beninese Pavilion:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

List of exhibitors in the Bosnian Pavilion:

Central Asia

The first Central Asian Pavilion was an initiative of Victor Miziano in 2005. The second pavilion was organized by Yulia Sorokina (Almaty) and the third by Beral Madra (Istanbul). Each of these was different in format and approach. The first one – Art from Central Asia. A Contemporary Archive – aimed at placing Central Asia on the 'map' of international art. Along the works of invited artists, there were many video compilations of films, performance and happenings presented by Central Asian artists from the end of the 1990s and beginning of 2000.

List of exhibitors in the Central Asia Pavilion:

Chile

List of exhibitors in the Chilean Pavilion:

Croatia

List of exhibitors in the Croatian Pavilion:[8]

Estonia

The expositions at the Estonian pavilion are regularly commissioned by the Estonian Centre for Contemporary Art.

List of exhibitors in the Estonian pavilion:

Gabon

Gabon first participated in the Venice Biennale in 2009.

List of exhibitors in the Gabonese Pavilion:

Georgia

List of exhibitors in the Georgian Pavilion:

Ghana

In 2019, Ghana will officially participate in the Venice Biennale for the first time.[12]

List of exhibitors in the Ghanaian Pavilion:

Grenada

In 2017, Grenada participated in the Venice Biennale at an exclusive space in Zattere, Dorsoduro, all allocated for the exhibition entitled The Bridge, where international artists from nations with sea outlets explored the collective idea of "own identity".

Hong Kong

List of exhibitors in the Hong Kong Pavilion:

Holy See

Iceland

In 1984, as Finland had joined Norway and Sweden in the Nordic Pavilion, Iceland was given the opportunity to rent the Finnish pavilion until 2006.[17] The Icelandic Art Center commissions the Icelandic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale.[18]

List of exhibitors in the Icelandish Pavilion:[19]

India

In 2011, India was represented for the first time after 116 years, with the support of the culture ministry and the organizational participation of the Lalit Kala Akademi.[22] Biennale organizers had reportedly invited the country in past years, but the government had declined, a decision attributed to a lack of communication between the culture ministry and the country's National Gallery of Modern Art.[22]

Indonesia

List of exhibitors in the Indonesian Pavilion:

Iran

Iraq

In 2011, Iraq returned to the Biennale for the first time after a 35-year absence. The title of the Iraq Pavilion was "Acqua Ferita" (translated as "Wounded Water"). Six Iraqi artists from two generations interpreted the theme of water in their works, which made up the exhibition.

List of exhibitors in the Iraqi Pavilion:

Ireland

List of exhibitors in the Irish Pavilion:

Italy

"Palazzo Pro Arte": Enrico Trevisanato, façade by Marius De Maria and Bartholomeo Bezzi, 1895; new façade by Guido Cirilli, 1914; "Padiglione Italia", present façade by Duilio Torres, 1932. The pavilion has a sculpture garden by Carlo Scarpa, 1952 and the "Auditorium Pastor" by Valeriano Pastor, 1977.[17]

Partial list of exhibitors at the Italian Pavilion:

Republic of Kazakhstan

List of exhibitors and curators in the Kazakhstan Pavilion:

Republic of Kosovo

List of exhibitors in the Kosovo Pavilion:

Kuwait

List of exhibitors in the Kuwait Pavilion:

Lebanon

Lebanon was present at the Biennale for the first time in 2007.[47] After being absent in 2009 and 2011, it is coming back in 2013.[48]

Latvia

List of exhibitors in the Latvian Pavilion:

Lithuania

List of exhibitors in the Lithuanian Pavilion:

Luxembourg

The Cà del Duca, situated on the Canale Grande, has been the permanent site for Luxembourg's participations in the Venice Biennale since 1999.

List of exhibitors in the Luxembourg Pavilion:

Macao

List of exhibitors in the Macao Pavilion:

Maldives

The Maldives Pavilion was introduced in 2013.[51] List of exhibitors in the Maldives Pavilion:

Malta

The Malta Pavilion returned to the Venice Biennale in 2017.[52] They also exhibited in 2000 and 1958. List of exhibitors in the Malta Pavilion:

Mauritius

The Pavilion of Mauritius was introduced in 2015 with an exhibition ‘From One Citizen You Gather an Idea’.

Mexico

The Mexican Pavilion was introduced for the first time in 1950 with the participation of the Muralists: David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo. For this participation, David Alfaro Siqueiros was awarded the 1st prize to foreign artists. The national participation was interrupted until 2007. The exhibitors that have represented the pavilion are:

Mongolia

Names of exhibitions, exhibitors, curators and organizers of the Mongolia Pavilion:

Namibia

The Republic of Namibia officially participated for the first time at the 59th Venice Biennale in 2022 with the exhibition A Bridge to the Desert curated by Marco Furio Ferrario, exhibiting the works of solo artist Renn. [56]

List of exhibitors in the Namibian Pavilion:

New Zealand

List of exhibitors in the New Zealand Pavilion:

Nigeria

List of exhibitors in the Nigerian Pavilion:

North Macedonia

List of exhibitors in the Macedonian Pavilion:

Northern Ireland

List of exhibitors in the Northern Ireland Pavilion:

Pakistan

In 2019, Pakistan officially participated in the Venice Biennale for the first time.[62]

List of exhibitors in the Pakistani Pavilion:

Peru

List of exhibitors in the Peruvian Pavilion:

Philippines

List of exhibitors in the Philippines Pavilion:

Portugal

In 1997, Portugal announced plans to build its own pavilion;[20] these have not materialized since.

List of exhibitors:

San Marino

List of exhibitors:[66]

Scotland

Scotland has participated in the Biennale since 2003 as a collateral event. Scotland + Venice is a partnership between the Scottish government and various British arts organizations, including the British Council and the National Galleries of Scotland.[68]

List of exhibitors in the Scottish Pavilion:

Seychelles

The Seychelles Pavilion was first introduced in 2015, by the proposal of artist Nitin Shroff,[73] featuring "A Clockwork Sunset".[74] The Pavilion was commissioned by the Seychelles Art Projects Foundation and curated by Sarah J. McDonald and Victor Schaub Wong.

List of exhibitors in the Seychelles Pavilion:

Singapore

List of exhibitors in the Singapore Pavilion:

Slovenia

List of exhibitors in the Slovenian Pavilion:

South Africa

Taiwan

The Taiwan Pavilion is housed in the Palazzo delle Prigioni[83]

Türkiye

In 2013, Türkiye signed a 20-year lease for a national pavilion at the Venice Biennale. The state-funded Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts is the co-ordinator of the Turkish pavilion.[88]

List of exhibitors in the Turkish Pavilion:

Tuvalu

Despite the cost to the third world country, Tuvalu decided to develop its first national pavilion in 2013 to highlight the negative effects of global warming on the nation, which is forecast to be one of the first countries to disappear due to sea level rise caused by climate change.[95] After working closely with Taiwanese eco artist Vincent J.F. Huang at the 2012 UNFCCC COP18 session in Doha, Qatar and collaborating with the artist on several occasions, Tuvalu's government invited Huang to act as the representative artist for the pavilion.[95] All of the artworks at the 2013 Tuvalu Pavilion focused on climate change and included In the Name of Civilization, a giant oil rig turned agent of destruction, and Prisoner's Dilemma, a depiction of the Statue of Liberty kneeling in apology to ghostly portraits of terra-cotta penguins symbolic of ecological sacrifices made to further the development of human civilization.[96]

List of exhibitors for the Tuvalu Pavilion:

Ukraine

The PinchukArtCentre sponsored Ukraine's pavilions in 2007, 2009 and 2015.[97]

List of exhibitors in the Ukrainian Pavilion:

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates' Venice pavilion first opened in 2009, but 2015 was the first time an Emirati has served as curator.

List of exhibitors in the UAE Pavilion:

Wales

The Wales pavilion was introduced in 2003.[101][102]

List of exhibitors in the Wales Pavilion:

Zimbabwe

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Bibliography

Further reading

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