You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((refimprove|date=March 2021))

[[File:Delimitación natural entre los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico Sur por el arco de las Antillas Australes.png|thumb|250px|Schematic map showing the proposal presented by the thesis of the natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc<br>((legend|#ED1C24|Conventional Pacific Ocean according to the [[International Hydrographic Organization|IHO]]))((legend|#F9CBCA|Conventional Pacific Ocean according to the IHO, which become part of the [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic Ocean]]))((legend|#FF6600|Sector of the conventional Atlantic Ocean (according to the IHO) that would belong to the Pacific according to this theory))((legend|#EAC102|Sector of the conventional Atlantic Ocean (according to the IHO) that would belong to the Pacific according to this theory, which become part of the Antarctic Ocean))((legend|#6B8E23|Conventional Atlantic Ocean (according to the IHO)))((legend|#98FB98|Sector of the conventional Atlantic Ocean (according to the IHO) which become part of the Antarctic Ocean))]]

The '''natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans by the Scotia arc''' (in Spanish: ''Delimitación natural entre los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico Sur por el arco de las Antillas Australes'') is the title of a scientific theory developed in [[Chile]] in which it was postulated that the boundary between the Southeast [[Pacific Ocean]] and the Southwest [[Atlantic Ocean]] would not be the meridian of the [[Cape Horn]], but rather the [[Scotia Arc]], an underwater orographic chain which links the [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago with the [[Antarctica|Antarctic continent]].

==Origin==

This presentation was made known by the Chilean delegation at the IV conference of the International Hydrographic Bureau - later [[International Hydrographic Organization]] -, held in [[Monte Carlo]] in 1952, and formally presented in 1954 to the International Association of Physical Oceanography, gathered at the 10th Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, held in [[Rome]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1987/2/barros.pdf |title=El Arco de Scotia, separación natural de los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico |access-date=March 22, 2021 |last=Barros González |first=Guillermo |date=1987 |work=[[Revista de Marina]] |publisher= |location= |language=Spanish |quote= ))</ref> This motion was left to be studied at the 1957 meeting in [[Buenos Aires]], but it was not carried out. The thesis was presented again in [[Toronto]] in 1957.

==Scientific theory==

The final elaboration of this thesis was the work, in 1952, of the Chilean admiral Rafael Santibáñez Escobar.<ref>((cite book |last=Passarelli |first=Bruno |title=El delirio armado: Argentina-Chile, la guerra que evitó el Papa |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |url= |accessdate= |language=Spanish |edition= |year=1998 |publisher=Editorial Sudamericana |location= |isbn=978-9-5007-1469-3 |chapter= |pages=48 |quote=))</ref> It was based on scientific studies that showed a correlation between the characteristics of the waters of the Southeastern Pacific Ocean with respect to those surrounded by the [[Scotia Arc]] to the east and the [[Drake Passage|Drake Pass]] through the west, called the [[Scotia Sea]] and the Austral Zone Sea (name with which Argentina and Chile agreed to give to the maritime space of unclear limits to the south of the Big Island of Tierra del Fuego that was the object of delimitation by the [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina|Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] signed by both countries in 1984). The equivalences are presented in all the variables analyzed, sharing the same attributes, both biological —flora and marine fauna—, geomorphological —depth, type and form of substrates— and hydrographic —temperature, color, viscosity, density, and salinity—. 

With regard to the tides, those of the Atlantic, in [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Rio Grande]] on the [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego|Big Island of Tierra del Fuego]], are of great amplitude, of the order of 12 to 15 meters and even more. On the other hand, in the area located from Cape San Diego towards the south and southwest, they correspond to the tidal regime of the Southeast Pacific, of little amplitude, arriving already from the coast in front of the island Picton not to be more than one and a half meters. All this occurs because said sea is always occupied by waters coming from the Pacific Ocean, because the morphological conformation of the extreme south of America is inclined towards the southeast, while the Antarctic peninsula does it towards the northeast. Both emerged lands form an enormous funnel through which the [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current]] flows, which transports the waters of the southeast of the Pacific to the southwest Atlantic from west to east. In the Drake Pass, a branch of this [[Ocean current|current]] breaks off in an east-northeast direction, transporting the waters of the Pacific towards the [[South Atlantic Current]], which is formed from the [[Brazil Current|Atlantic current of Brazil]], which flows from the northwest. The waters of the latter join with those originating in the Pacific, outside the Scotia Sea.

[[File:Scotiazee en scotiarug.png|thumb|250px|Scotia Arc, the boundary between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans according to this thesis]]

Therefore, the delimitation between the South Pacific and South Atlantic oceans should not be a meridian, like that of Cape Horn, but their natural division should be applied for their separation, that is, changing a border created as a human convention by one delineated by nature itself. This new oceanic geographic limit would be mounted on the Scotia arc, an oceanic volcanic arc and submarine mountain range that turns out to be the sunken continuation of the [[Andes]] mountain range and that connects with the Antarctic mountain range of the [[Antarctandes]]. Geologically it is a young orographic system with strong volcanism and significant seismicity.

The ridge of the Scotia forms a pronounced arc of at least 4350 km in length. It starts from the last eastern peaks of the [[Isla de los Estados|island of the States]], continues on the [[Burdwood Bank]], continues towards the east emerging in the archipelago called [[South Antilles|South Antilles or Antartillas]] that includes the [[Shag Rocks (South Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], [[South Georgia (island)|South Georgia]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#South Sandwich Islands|South Sandwich]], [[South Orkney Islands|South Orkneys]] and [[South Shetland Islands|South Shetland]], to form the [[Antarctic Peninsula]].

To the east, the boundary is formed by the abyssal [[South Sandwich Trench]], with depths of 8,325 meters below sea level. The collision of [[List of tectonic plates|tectonic plates]], such as the [[South American Plate|South American]], [[Antarctic Plate|Antarctic]] and the small [[Scotia Plate]], is what produces the folding of the [[Earth's crust]] that originates this ridge.

==Political considerations==

After this theory was put forward, the Chilean government established its position on it regarding the southern maritime conflicts, especially in the so-called [[Beagle conflict]].<ref>((cite book |last=Santibañez |first=Rafael |title=Los derechos de Chile en el Beagle |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUqUW4UlRN4C&q=Los+derechos+de+Chile+en+el+Beagle |accessdate=March 22, 2021 |language=Spanish |edition= |year=1969 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |location=Santiago |oclc=1611130 |chapter=El Canal Beagle y la delimitación de los océanos |pages=95–109 |quote=))</ref> Therefore, Chile argued that the coasts of the southern islands [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego|Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] and [[Isla de los Estados|States]] were bathed in waters belonging to the Pacific, counteracting Argentina thesis in which he postulated that the [[Bioceanic principle]] was also applicable in the waters south of the island of the States up to and including the Drake Pass.

==The current ocean border==
For the international community, the limit of both oceans is the meridian of Cape Horn,<ref>((cite book |last= |first= |title=Limits of oceans and seas |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |url=http://www.iho-ohi.net/ihopubs/standard/S-23/S231953.pdf |accessdate=March 22, 2021 |language= |edition= |year=1953 |publisher=International Hidrographic Organization |location=Montecarlo |isbn= |chapter= |pages= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130116164830/http://www.iho-ohi.net/ihopubs/standard/S-23/S231953.pdf|archive-date= 2013-01-16|quote=))</ref> at least from said Cape to the south, possibly also north of it to the [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego|Big Island of Tierra del Fuego]].

It is not clear whether the oceanic limit jumps to the small and large islands located there, or surrounds them in some way. For some specialists, especially in the past, the section of the Scotia Arc that runs from west to east could be the dividing line between the Atlantic and Antarctic oceans. The latter is generally circumscribed from the north to more southern latitudes.

The researchers Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor and Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic put forward the [[Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone|scientific theory]] that the separation of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Atlantic|Atlantic Ocean]] oceans "could be confirmed from the so-called [[Shackleton Fracture Zone]] (...) the boundary is then located east of the so-called Cape Horn Meridian".<ref>((cite journal|author1=Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor|author2=Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic|title=ALGUNAS CONSECUENCIAS JURÍDICAS DE LA INVOCACIÓN POR PARTE DE CHILE DE LA “TEORÍA DE LA DELIMITACIÓN NATURAL DE LOS OCÉANOS” EN EL DIFERENDO SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AUSTRAL|url=https://www.publicacionesanepe.cl/index.php/cdt/article/download/950/616|date=2021 |journal=ANEPE |language=es))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone]]
* [[Scotia Plate]]
* [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute]]
* [[Borders of the oceans]]

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in South America]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Greater color contrast ratio (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Legend (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Legend/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Scotia_Arc"