UK blue Smarties, old (top) and new (bottom). Blue Smarties were re-introduced by Nestlé in the UK in February 2008, using a "natural" blue dye derived from the cyanobacterium spirulina rather than synthetic blue dye.[1]

Natural food and all-natural food are terms in food labeling and marketing with several definitions, often implying foods that are not manufactured by processing. In some countries like the United Kingdom, the term "natural" is defined and regulated;[2] in others, such as the United States, the term natural is not enforced for food labels, although there is USDA regulation of organic labeling.[3]

The term is assumed to describe foods having ingredients that are intrinsic to an unprocessed food.[4][5]

Diverse definitions

While almost all foodstuffs are derived from the natural products of plants and animals,[6] 'natural foods' are often assumed to be foods that are not processed, or do not contain any food additives, or do not contain particular additives such as hormones, antibiotics, sweeteners, food colors, preservatives, or flavorings that were not originally in the food.[7] In fact, many people (63%) when surveyed showed a preference for products labeled "natural" compared to the unmarked counterparts, based on the common belief (86% of polled consumers) that the term "natural" indicated that the food does not contain any artificial ingredients.[8]

The term is variously misused on labels and in advertisements.[9] The international Food and Agriculture Organization's Codex Alimentarius does not recognize the term 'natural' but does have a standard for organic foods.[10]

History

The idea of eating "natural foods" was promoted by cookbook writers in the United States during the 1970s with cookbooks emphasizing "natural," "health" and "whole" foods in opposition to processed foods which were considered bad for health.[11] In 1971, Eleanor Levitt authored The Wonderful World of Natural Food Cookery which dismissed processed foods such as readymade dinners, cookie mixes, and cold cuts as being full of preservatives and other "chemical poisons."[11]

Jean Hewitt authored the New York Times Natural Foods Cookbook, an influential cookbook on the use of natural foods. Hewitt suggested that before large-scale mechanized farming and modern food production methods, people ate "fresh, natural and unrefined foods for granted" and but have since abandoned this way of eating for highly processed foods which are devoid of flavor and nutrition.[11] Hewitt's cookbook offered "the textures, tastes and nutritional benefits of the natural, fresh foods that grandmother knew" and dedicated the recipes to "the thousands of people across the country who believe in, and practice, the natural way of eating for good health".[11]

Definition by process and by product

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Food Standards Agency has published criteria for the use of several terms in food labeling. The guidance, in general, restricts the use of natural foods that have "ingredients produced by nature, not the work of man or interfered with by man." Natural flavorings are explicitly defined by separate laws.[2]

There are different standards for various types of food, such as dairy products. It also gives standards for some food processing techniques, such as fermentation or pasteurization. The standard explicitly rules out "foods derived from novel processes, GM or cloning."[12]

Definition by process only

Canada

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency restricts the use of "natural" to foods that have not been significantly altered by processing and gives examples of processes that do or do not significantly alter food. This includes two specific additional requirements:[9]

Israel

A specific ingredient can be called "natural" if it did not go through any processing except for the listed ones. The whole food can be called "natural" if the food is not a blend of foods (even if they are all-natural), has no added ingredients, and underwent only the specified processes.[13]

Lack of definition

United States

The term "natural" is applied to many foods, but does not have a consistent meaning.

FSIS is a subsection of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which is tasked with the responsibility of "ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged."[8] The USDA partnered with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop and issue regulations against the inappropriate usage of "natural" labels; yet, the FDA does not have specific rules for "natural" labeling. It advised on their website "the agency has not objected to the use of the term if the food does not contain added color, artificial flavors, or synthetic substances."[14]

Furthermore, the FDA has not developed any rules or regulations on the defining features of what qualifies a product as "natural". The FDA does reference a definition of "natural" in their informal policy (Ref. 53) that defines "natural" as "nothing artificial or synthetic (including colors regardless of source) is included in, or has been added to, the product that would not normally be expected to be there."[15]

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act prohibits labeling that is false or misleading. The USDA has a standard for organic food called the National Organic Program.[3] As of August 2005, the USDA had a section governing "natural claims" in its Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book.[16][17]

The poultry industry has been criticized by the Center for Science in the Public Interest for labeling chicken meat "all-natural" after it has been injected with saline solution up to 25% of its weight. There is no legal recourse to prevent this labeling.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "UK | Seaweed allows Smarties comeback". BBC News. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  2. ^ a b "Criteria for use of the terms Fresh, Pure, Natural etc. in food labeling" (PDF). Food Standards Agency. 1 December 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b "National Organic Program". AMS.
  4. ^ Meier, Brian P.; Dillard, Amanda J.; Lappas, Courtney M. (2019). "Naturally better? A review of the natural-is-better bias". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 13 (8): e12494. doi:10.1111/spc3.12494. ISSN 1751-9004. S2CID 201321386.
  5. ^ Baggini, Julian (2004). Making Sense: Philosophy Behind the Headlines. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-19-280506-5.
  6. ^ Food processing: a century of change, R. W. Welch and P. C. Mitchell (2000) British Medical Bulletin, 56 (No 1) 1–17, http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/56/1/1-a.pdf[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Ikerd, John. The New American Food Economy. Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Weaver, Allyson (March 2014). "'Natural' foods: inherently confusing". The Journal of Corporation Law. 39 (3): 657–674.
  9. ^ a b "Guide to Food Labeling and Advertising, Chapter 4". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 18 March 2015.
  10. ^ "List of standards". Food and Agriculture Organization.
  11. ^ a b c d Elias, Megan J. (2017). Food on the Page Cookbooks and American Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–176. ISBN 9780812249170
  12. ^ "Criteria for use of the terms Fresh, Pure, Natural Etc. in food labeling" (PDF). Food Standards Agency. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  13. ^ "Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards" (PDF). US Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  14. ^ FDA Basics, What is the meaning of 'natural' on the labeling of food
  15. ^ Food Labeling: Nutrient Content Claims, General Principles, Petitions, Definition of Terms, 56 Fed. Reg. 60,421, 60,466 (Nov. 27, 1991) (codified at 21 C.F.R. pts. 5, 101, and 105), available athttp://foodrisk.org/default/assets/File/NLEA-Proposed-60421-60478.pdf
  16. ^ [1] USDA Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, August 2005
  17. ^ "USDA Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms".
  18. ^ Salt-Water-Soaked Chicken Not at all Natural, Says CSPI CSPI, February 24, 2010,
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