 Okinawa Island in 2015 | |
  Naval Base Okinawa Naval Facility Okinawa  Naval Base Okinawa Naval Facility Okinawa | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 26°28′46″N 127°55′40″E / 26.47944°N 127.92778°E |
| Archipelago | Ryukyu Islands |
| Area | 1,199[1] km2 (463 sq mi) as of 1 October 2018[2] |
| Length | 106.6 km (66.24 mi) |
| Width | 11.3 km (7.02 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 503 m (1650 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Yonaha |
| Administration | |
| Location | Okinawa Island |
| Naval Base Administrative |  United States Navy 1945–present (USMGR 1945–1950, USCAR 1950–1972) |
| Founded after | Battle of Okinawa |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Peak of over 545,000 US Troops in 1945 (12,000 killed) |
Naval Base Okinawa, now Naval Facility Okinawa, is a number of bases built after the Battle of Okinawa by United States Navy on Okinawa Island, Japan. The naval bases were built to support the landings on Okinawa on April 1, 1945, and the troops fighting on Okinawa. The Navy repaired and did expansion of the airfields on Okinawa. United States Navy Seabees built or repaired the facilities on the island. The bases on Okinawa put the United States Armed Forces only 350 miles from Japan's home islands. Most facilities closed after the war, but some are still in use today by all branches of the United States Armed Forces.[3][4]
Construction and improvements to captured facilities were given to Navy Seabee construction brigades 8th, 10th, 70th and 11th. The 1181st US Army Engineer construction joined in the construction projects. Some construction brigades came ashore during the landings as support combat engineers. As soon as the beaches were secured, the construction brigades began fixing and improving beach exit roads and bridges. Construction brigades were given the dangerous task of clearing land mines and demolitions. The other high priorities for the Construction brigades were fresh water and the repair and expansion of the airfields on Okinawa, once they were captured. Construction brigades worked in shifts around the clock, due to the high priorities of these tasks. Seabee 43rd Naval Construction Regiment landed with the troop on the east coast of Okinawa. The next Seabee landings were the 36th, 40th, and 87th Seabee Battalions in late April from Naval Base Saipan on LST ships. Seabees built their own loading zone for the heavy equipment needed for road work and runway repair and improvement. Heavy rains sometimes slowed and stop the work. Work on Yontan Airfield and Kadena Airfield started on April 3, both were ready the next day by the efforts of 1901st Aviation Engineer Battalion and Seabee 624. The repaired runways were used by fighter aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft. Seabees added a tank farm for fuel storage. On April 28, Seabee started construction of new runway that could handle the needs of Bombers at Yontan Airfield. There were now 95,000 construction troops on Okinawa, improving and building facilities. Next repair and improvement started at Bolo Airfield and Yonabaru Airfield. When completed Yonabaru Airfield was 6,500 feet long. Due to poor drainage at Awase Airfield, the captured runway was abandoned, for later work. From June 15 to Awase Airfield completion on June 30, Seabees did massive earthwork project to drain and fill the Awase runway. Awase Airfield became a fighter aircraft base. Seabee 36th Battalion began building a new 5,000-foot fighter aircraft runway nearby to Awase starting on April 23. On May 6 Seabees of the 40th Battalion began the repair and improvement of the Chimu Airfield. On the Katsuren Peninsula at Katchin Hanto Seabees of the 7th Battalion started work on a seaplane base, that opened on July 1. Also at Katchin Hanto Seabees built a large supply depot.[5] For unloading all the needed cargo harbor facilities at Katchin Hanto, Tengan and Baten Ko at Buckner Bay were built. At Tengan a breakwater and pier was built. A number of anchored pontoon piers and causeways were built to get over the coral reefs. Seabees used many tugboats and barges to get cargo ashore. Most ships could not get to pontoon causeways, so ships would unload into barges, barge cargo was then loaded into trucks. Additional piers and causeways were built at City of Kin on Chimu-Wan Bay, Awase, Machinato, Chimu Wan, Yonabaruand, City of Kuba Saki and Bisha Gawa. Unten Ko on Motobu Hanto and Chimu Wan became a supply depot with boat repair, naval mine depot. Each depot has an ammunition depot outside of the main depot. A ship repair depot was established at Baten Ko. Buckner Bay and Chimu Wan became massive supply depots. Port at Awase became an aircraft repair depot, with the docking of aircraft repair ships and Combat Aircraft Service Unit.[3]
On June 1, 1945, the original Seabees Battalion were given a break as replacements arrived and took over unloading the massive amount of cargo still needed for operation. The new units were: Seabee 3rd, 4th, 11th, 12th, 23rd, 27th, and 36th Special Battalions, the Seabee 81st, 28th, and 148th Pontoon Battalions, and the Seabee 137th and 139th Trucking Battalions. June rain slowed the supply chain on muddy roads, priority cargo was unloaded first due to this slow down. Okinawa Island was declared secured on June 22, 1945. By July 1 supply chain problems were gone. Seabee also built the Third Amphibious Corps evacuation hospital at Yontan and Special Augmented Hospital 3, 4, 6 & 7. Seabee built degaussing station at Tsuken Shima, and a joint Headquarter communications center. All this work was interrupted from the landing to victory by air attacks, troops and Seabee were bombed, strafed and Kamikaze attacked on ships. On the ground, sniper fire, artillery, mortar fire, land mines and booby traps were a constant danger for work crews. Seabee repaired the remaining airfields at Ie Shima Airfield, Futema Airfield, Machinato Airfield and Tsuken Shima Airfield. By August, the troops peaked at 87,000 construction and engineering troops on Okinawa in 36 naval construction battalions, 21 Army engineer aviation battalions, 14 Army combat engineer battalions, and 7 Army engineer construction battalions.[3]
More than 12,000 US Troops died during the fighting on Okinawa.[6] The Okinawa Bases were building up for the planned, more costly, invasion of Japan home island, called Operation Downfall. With the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, the invasion was not needed. The Navy cleared naval mines around Okinawa waters in Operation Zebra. The Pentagon decided to keep Okinawa Bases as an Naval Advance Base. Seabee projects that were planned continued after the surrender of Japan. These projects included a full naval base at Baten Ko, camp for receiving troops at Kuba Saki, camp for outgoing troops, new ammunition depot, Fleet Hospital #116, a small naval base at Katchin Hanto, full aviation supply depot, making a deep harbor at Baten Ko, building a fleet recreation area at Tsuken Shima, and enlarging the naval supply depot at Tengan on Chimu Wan. On September 1, 1945, the agreement between the US Army engineer and the Seabee ended. Before this time both operated under a single command. This ended the largest ever joint construction force assembled. On October 9, 1945, the south part of Okinawa Island was hit by a typhoon, Typhoon Louise. Typhoon Louise did massive damage to the fleet post office at Baten Ko, departure camp, and Special Augmented Hospital No. 4, along with general damage across the southern bases. The typhoon did more damage to vessels than the air attacks.[7]
At the end of construction in late 1945, The US Navy bases and facilities covered 20,000 acres. Construction crews had built for both the naval and army use: 4,180 feet of wharves, 712,000 square feet of storage depot buildings, 193,000 cubic feet of refrigerated storage and 11,778,000 square feet of open storage. Seabee had built tank farms holding: 8,820,000 gallons of aviation gasoline, 30,000 barrels of Diesel fuel, 50,000 barrels of fuel oil. Always built outside of camp and other depots Seabee built 13,000 square feet for ammunition storage. At the airfields, 324,100 square feet of buildings were built for aviation repair shops and 91,000 square feet for general repair shops. The Hospitals took up 338,000 square feet. For the troops, 4,755,000 square feet of barracks were built. The US Navy's share of the space was: 16,700 square feet of supply depot and 7,475 cubic feet of refrigerated storage, and 4,500 square feet of open storage, 2,400 square feet of hospital and 67,692 square feet of barracks. The Seabee had a 5,500 square feet repair shops.[3]
Japanese prisoner of war camps were built to house the 11,250 Imperial Japanese Army troops that surrendered between April and July 1945. The 11,250 Troops, which included 3,581 unarmed laborers, made up 12 percent Troops Japan had placed on the island. Some of the Troops that surrendered were home guard personnel called Boeitai. The camps held the POWs until repatriation to the Japanese homeland on US Navy ships.[8]
United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands was set up during the battle in 1945 for Administrative control. In 1950, United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands was set up Administrative control. In 1972, Administrative control was returned to Japan.[9] [10]
United States Forces Japan was founded in 1957 for the defense of Japan.[11][12]
Naval Forces Japan (United States) was founded in 1962 and has control over all United States Navy shore installations in Japan.[13][14][15]
Japanese governments has allowed US bases on Okinawa in exchange for a US commitment to defend Japan from external attacks, called The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance.[16]
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Naval Facility Okinawa[17]
Built at Okinawa:[3]
Naval Base Okinawa became a major repair base, ships and other equipment had been fighting in the war for some time, or damaged in kamikaze attacks and were in need of repair. In addition to the land-based repair shops and depots, repair ships worked at Okinawa. Aircraft repair ship, repair ship and floating docks were used to do maintenance, some based at Kerama Islands:
Construction crews, both Navy and Army improved the airfields on the island. After Seabee construction, four airstrips were turned over to the US Army. But were used by Naval Air Transport Service and Navy patrol planes also.[32][33][34]
Both US Navy and World War II United States Merchant Navy ships unload massive amounts of cargo and fuel needed to build and operate the Okinawa Bases.[37] SS Canada Victory, SS Hobbs Victory, SS Logan Victory each an ammunition ship, were attacked and sank with an explosion after kamikaze attack in 1945 at Okinawa. The loss of the three Victory ships, each sunk by a kamikaze attack severely hurt the combat forces on Okinawa. The ships were carrying a total of 24,000 tons (54 million pounds) of ammunition; including most of the 81 mm mortar shells needed for the troops.[38] The Victory ships were some of 47 ships sunk by kamikaze attack during World War II.[39][40] The ammunition ship SS Saginaw Victory arrived April 12, 1945, at Okinawa to replace the ammunition lost on the ships. More ammunition ships were not needed, as the war came to an end without the invasion of Japan.[38] The SS Sharon Victory delivered C-rations to the troops on Okinawa, during unloading came under attack. Sharon Victory fought off a Japanese kamikaze plane attacking the ship.[41]
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