Nazi chic is the use of style, imagery, and paraphernalia in clothing and popular culture related to Nazi-era Germany, especially when used for taboo-breaking or shock value rather than out of genuine support of Nazism or Nazi ideology.
Its popularity began in the 1970s with the emergence of the Heavy metal, punk and glam rock movements: the Sex Pistols' first television appearance occurred with a person of their entourage wearing a swastika.[1] Nazi chic was later used in the fashion industry.[2] The trend, while having originated in the Western culture, by the late 20th and early 21st century became particularly popular in Asia.[3] Nazi chic also partly inspired some of the fashion of the leather subculture.[4]
Europe and United States
In the surf culture of the 1950s and 1960s, "Surf Nazis" would experiment with Nazi aesthetics, such as swastikas and Nazi helmets, and sometimes paint swastikas on their surfboards. Their motivation was often anti-establishment rebelliousness, rather than genuine sympathy with the Nazis.[5] American artist Ed Roth sold plastic Nazi stormtrooper helmets to surfers in the 1960s, and told Time magazine, "That Hitler really did a helluva public relations job for me."[6] In the 1960s, some filmmakers looking for edgy and controversial ideas incorporated Nazi themes into their works for shock value, with the 1965 film Censored described as having "the dubious honour of being the very first skinflick to mix Nazis and naked women".[7][unreliable source?]
In 1984, two T-shirt designs featuring Adolf Hitler were produced in West Germany.[10] The more famous of the two was the "Adolf Hitler European Tour" design, which featured a picture of Hitler against the backdrop of a map of Europe, with conquered territories shaded; A less popular T-shirt featured Hitler giving the Roman salute, and a yo-yo hanging from his hand. The text read "European yo-yo champion 1939-1945". Sale of the apparel led to a legal case in Germany, in an attempt to have it banned as "glorifying genocide".[11] In 1988, Ralph Engelstad was criticized for a party he held at his Imperial Palace hotel-casino in Las Vegas featuring bartenders wearing the "European Tour" shirts.[12] In 1990, the ACLU represented a high school student on Long Island who was told to remove the shirt or face suspension by school officials who claimed the shirt was anti-semitic.[13]
In an interview with Welt am Sonntag, Bryan Ferry, the English singer and musician, acknowledged that he calls his studio in west London his "Führerbunker". He was quoted as saying, "My God, the Nazis knew how to put themselves in the limelight and present themselves. ... Leni Riefenstahl's movies and Albert Speer's buildings and the mass parades and the flags - just amazing. Really beautiful."[14]
English heavy metal and rock and roll musician Lemmy of the band Motörhead collected Nazi memorabilia and had an Iron Cross on his bass guitar, but stated that he collected these memorabilia for aesthetic values and historical purposes and interests only, and considered himself an anarchist or libertarian and actually despised the Nazi regime's ideologies and their subsequent genocidal actions.[15]
In early 2005, a designer using the pseudonym "Helmut Doork"[16] began marketing a parody souvenir T-shirt with the slogans "My grandparents went to Auschwitz and all I got was this lousy t-shirt!" and "Arbeit Macht Frei."[17] In response to a complaint from the Anti-Defamation League, the design was removed from CafePress' website in late 2006.[18]
The creator later uploaded it to Printfection. After Printfection removed it without explanation the creator then released it into the public domain, giving anyone permission to print and/or commercialize the design without permission.[19]
In Japan, World War II is not taught in schools as a battle of political ideologies, but as a conventional war. This type of education treats Hitler and the Nazi Party as charismatic and powerful leaders of countries during wartime, instead of war criminals as elsewhere.[citation needed] Uniforms and other imagery related to Nazi Germany are sold in East and South East Asia, where some consider it fashionable.[citation needed] Pop groups have dressed in SS-inspired uniforms.
Sometimes in East Asia, for example South Korea and Japan, Nazi uniforms are used as part of cosplay.[24][25] Several Japanese products have reused Nazi themes in their artwork, such as the 2010 card game Barbarossa,[26] described as the "softcore Nazi anime porn" with "anime Nazi girls".[27][28] The game was successful enough to receive an English release in 2013[29] as well as a stand-alone sequel El Alamein[30] (also released in English).[28] 2019 saw the release of video game Mein Waifu is the Fuhrer,[31] described as a "Nazi-themed anime dating simulator" and inspired by the Japanese art and the visual novel-type of game.[32]
In South Korea, an area generally isolated from Nazi cultural influences during the Nazi era, Time magazine observed in 2000 "an unthinking fascination with the icons and imagery of the Third Reich."[33]
In Indonesia, the SoldatenKaffee, a café featuring Nazi decoration and memorabilia closed in 2013 due to controversies and critiques by international media as well as death threats and hate mail to the owners. The SoldatenKaffee, however, reopened in 2014, the owner claimed that his establishment was never aimed to promote Nazi ideology explaining that Nazism was only seen from a historical perspective in Indonesia. The SoldatenKaffee closed again in 2017 due to moving elsewhere for lack of local demand.[34]
There is an ongoing interest in Thailand in Nazi symbolism, particularly among young people. The fascination with such imagery is considered to be based on a lack of understanding of the Holocaust rather than political leanings or hate crime.[35][36][37][38][39][40] A Nazi-themed restaurant in Bangkok was opened in 2013 called Hitler Fried Chicken.[41]
In 2006, a restaurant named Hitler's Cross was opened in Mumbai, India. It was later renamed after protests by the Indian Jewish community.[43] 'Nazi Collection' Bedspread was launched, by a Mumbai-based home furnishing company in 2007.[44] In 2007, in Gujarat a men's clothing store named Hitler was in the news. After the outrage owners claimed they did not know Adolf Hitler.[45] In 2011, a pool parlour named Hitler's Den was opened in Nagpur. It included the Nazi Swastika and insignia. The Israeli embassy in India expressed displeasure with the naming. Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights organisation called for the parlour to be renamed but the owners of the establishment refused to rename it.[46]
A clothing store in Karachi, Pakistan called "Hitler Reloaded" is named after Hitler.[47]
A clothing store in Gaza is named after Hitler.[48]
See also
Modern produced miniature figures of Nazi Party members and Nuremberg Rally propaganda items on sale in Carlisle, UK 2009.
.svg){kind=small}
