Nebela
Temporal range: Pleistocene–Recent 2.58–0 Ma[1]
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Nebela flabellulum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Class: Tubulinea
Order: Arcellinida
Family: Hyalospheniidae
Genus: Nebela
Leidy 1874
Type species
Nebela collaris
(Ehrenberg 1848) Leidy 1879
Species

13 species

Synonyms

Nebela is a diverse genus of testate amoebae of cosmopolitan distribution, belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae.[1] They are "prey agglutinated" or "kleptosquamic" organisms, meaning they take the inorganic plates from their prey to construct their test.[2]

Morphology

Members of this genus have a thin, transparent, pseudochitinous, flattened test that can be ovate, pyriform or elongate, with a length of around 180 microns. The surface of the test has numerous oval or circular scales of variable size, or in rare occasions rectangular or rod-like scales. The protoplasm is granular and colorless but can contain food vacuoles that show color. They have a single nucleus and a variable number of pseudopodia that are blunt in shape. The cell body is attached to the test's interior by strands of ectoplasm.[1]

Classification

Nebela originally belonged to the family Nebelidae, but phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus was paraphyletic and the genera Hyalosphenia and Quadrulella, which belong to Hyalospheniidae, branch within Nebela. Accordingly, the family Nebelidae was synonymised with Hyalospheniidae.[3]

Species

There are at least 13 remaining species in the genus:

Former species

The paraphyly of Nebela is slowly being resolved by transferring species from Nebela to other genera through phylogenetic analyses.[3] The following species were previously considered Nebela but have been moved accordingly:

References

  1. ^ a b c Loeblich, Alfred Richard; Tappan, Helen (1964). Moore, Raymond C. (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C: Protista 2, Sarcodina, Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida. Vol. 1. The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas Press. ISBN 978-0813730035.
  2. ^ González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175 (107557): 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35777650.
  3. ^ a b c d Kosakyan A, Heger TJ, Leander BS, Todorov M, Mitchell EAD, Lara E (2012). "COI Barcoding of Nebelid Testate Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida): Extensive Cryptic Diversity and Redefinition of the Hyalospheniidae Schultze". Protist. 163 (3): 415–434. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.003. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 22130576.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kosakyan A, Gomaa F, Mitchell EAD, Heger TJ, Lara E (2013). "Using DNA-barcoding for sorting out protist species complexes: A case study of the Nebela tincta–collaris–bohemica group (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida, Hyalospheniidae)". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 222–237. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.006. ISSN 0932-4739. PMID 23092639.
  5. ^ Payne RJ, Bobrov AA, Tsyganov AN, Babeshko KV, Sloan TJ, Kay M, Kupriyanov DA, Surkov NV, Novenko EY, Andreev AA, Mazei YA (10 August 2020). "First records of contemporary testate amoeba assemblages from the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction". Boreas. 50 (4): 998–1010. doi:10.1111/bor.12469.
  6. ^ Beyens L, Chardez D (1982). "Cryptodifflugia angustastoma et Nebela carinatella, nouveaux Thécamoebiens des tourbières dans la Campine beige". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 126 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(82)80047-X. ISSN 0003-9365.
  7. ^ Bonnet L (1979). "Nouveaux thécamoebiens du sol X". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse. 115: 106–118.
  8. ^ a b Nicholls KH (2015). "Nebela kivuense Gauthier-Lievre et Thomas, 1961 (Amoebozoa, Arcellinida), Missing for a Half-century; Found 11,500 km from "home"". Acta Protozoologica. 54 (4): 283–288. doi:10.4467/16890027AP.15.023.3537. ISSN 0065-1583.
  9. ^ a b Qin Y, Man B, Kosakyan A, Lara E, Gu Y, Wang H, Mitchell EAD (2016). "Nebela jiuhuensis nov. sp. (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida; Hyalospheniidae): A New Member of the Nebela saccifera - equicalceus - ansata Group Described from Sphagnum Peatlands in South-Central China". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 63 (5): 558–566. doi:10.1111/jeu.12300. PMID 27593700. S2CID 24354110.
  10. ^ Duckert C, Blandenier Q, Kupferschmid FAL, Kosakyan A, Mitchell EAD, Lara E, et al. (2018). "En garde! Redefinition of Nebela militaris (Arcellinida, Hyalospheniidae) and erection of Alabasta gen. nov" (PDF). Eur J Protistol. 66: 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.08.005. PMID 30366198. S2CID 53116247.
  11. ^ Duckert C, Blandenier Q, Kupferschmid FAL, Kosakyan A, Mitchell EAD, Lara E, Singer D (30 April 2020). "Case 3782 – Nebela militaris Penard, 1890 (Arcellinida, Hyalospheniidae): proposed conservation of the specific name by giving it precedence over Nebela bursella Taranek, 1881". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 77 (1): 22–28. doi:10.21805/bzn.v77.a007. hdl:11380/1301647. S2CID 218783898.
  12. ^ a b c d e Kosakyan A, Lahr DJG, Mulot M, Meisterfeld R, Mitchell EAD, Lara E (2016). "Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes". Cladistics. 32 (6): 606–623. doi:10.1111/cla.12167. PMID 34727671. S2CID 89592346.
  13. ^ Qin Y, Puppe D, Zhang L, Sun R, Li P, Xie S (August 2021). "How does Sphagnum growing affect testate Amoeba communities and corresponding protozoic Si pools? Results from field analyses in SW China". Microbial Ecology. 82 (2): 459–469. Bibcode:2021MicEc..82..459Q. doi:10.1007/s00248-020-01668-6. PMID 33442762. S2CID 231605855.
  14. ^ Todorov, Milcho (2010). "Nebela golemanskyi sp. nov., a New Sphagnicolous Testate Amoeba from Bulgaria (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida, Nebelidae)". Acta Protozoologica. 49 (1).
  15. ^ Bankov N, Todorov M, Ganeva A (22 May 2018). "Checklist of Sphagnum-dwelling testate amoebae in Bulgaria". Biodivers Data J. 6 (e25295): e25295. doi:10.3897/BDJ.6.e25295. PMC 5974006. PMID 29861653.
  16. ^ Owen III, Goronwy; Jones, E. E. (1976). "Nebela tuberculata comb. nov. (Arcellinida), its History and Ultrastructure". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 23 (4): 485–487. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03819.x.
  17. ^ Todorov M, Golemansky V, Meisterfeld R (2010). "Is Difflugia nebeloides (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) really a Difflugia? Re-description and new combination". Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 62 (1): 13–20.
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