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((Short description|Hypothetical moon of Venus))
((about|the proposed moon of Venus|the Egyptian goddess|Neith))
((redirect|Moon of Venus|the quasi-satellite of Venus sometimes referred to as its moon|Zoozve))
((Expand Russian|Спутники Венеры|date=September 2011))
[[File:Fontana Venus Satellites.png|thumb|[[Francesco Fontana]]'s drawing of the supposed satellite(s) of Venus. Woodcuts from Fontana's work. The fringes of light around Venus are produced by optical effects]]

'''Neith''' is a hypothetical [[natural satellite]] of [[Venus]] reportedly sighted by [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Giovanni Cassini]] in 1672 and by several other astronomers in following years. It was 'observed' up to 30 times by astronomers until 1770, when there were no new sightings and it was not found during the transit of Venus in 1761 and 1769.<ref>((cite book|author=Helge Kragh|author-link=Helge Kragh|date=2008 |title=The Moon that Was not: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2IJC7tM3QQC|publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |isbn=978-3-7643-8908-6))</ref>

==Discovery==
((unsourced section|date=January 2023))
In 1672, Giovanni Cassini found a small object close to Venus. He did not take great note of his observation, but when he saw it again in 1686, he made a formal announcement of a possible moon of Venus. The object was seen by many other [[astronomers]] over a large period of time: by [[James Short (mathematician)|James Short]] in 1740, by Andreas Mayer in 1759, by [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] in 1761, another eighteen observations in 1761, including one in which a small spot was seen following Venus while the planet was in a [[astronomical transit|transit]] across the [[Sun]], eight observations in 1764, and  by [[Christian Horrebow]] in 1768.

==Summary of sightings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! City !! Person !! Number of sightings
|-
| 1645 || Naples || [[Francesco Fontana]] || 3
|-
| 1646 || Naples || Francesco Fontana || 1
|-
| 1672 || Paris || [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] || 1
|-
| 1686 || Paris || Giovanni Domenico Cassini || 1
|-
| 1740 || London || [[James Short (mathematician)|James Short]] || 1
|-
| 1759 || Greifswald || Andreas Mayer  || 1
|-
| 1761 || Marseilles || [[Joseph Lagrange]] || 3
|-
| 1761 || Limoges || Jacques Montaingne || 4
|-
| 1761 || St. Neots || unknown || 1
|-
| 1761 || Greifswald || Friedrich Artzt || 1
|-
| 1761 || Krefeld || Abraham Scheuten|| 2
|-
| 1761 || Copenhagen ||Peter Roedkiær || 8
|-
| 1764 || Copenhagen ||Peter Roedkiær || 2
|-
| 1764 || Copenhagen ||[[Christian Horrebow]] and others || 3
|-
| 1764 || Auxerre || Marian || 3
|-
| 1768 || Copenhagen ||Christian Horrebow|| 1
|}

==Observations==
Many astronomers failed to find any moon during their observations of Venus, including [[William Herschel]] in 1768. Cassini originally observed Neith to be one-fourth the diameter of Venus.  In 1761, Lagrange announced that Neith's [[orbital plane (astronomy)|orbital plane]] was perpendicular to the [[ecliptic]]. That same year, however, mathematician [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] wrote to [[Voltaire]] that Neith had "declined to follow his mistress during her passage over the sun", questioning whether Venus truly had a moon.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Stevenson |first1=David |title=Making the Moon |journal=Physics Today |date=2014 |page=37 |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/53320/1/PT.3.2583.pdf |access-date=1 May 2022))</ref> In 1766, the director of the [[Vienna Observatory]] speculated that the observations of the moon were [[optical illusions]]. He said: "the bright image of Venus was reflected in the [[human eye|eye]] and back into the [[telescope]], creating a smaller secondary image." In 1777, [[Johann Heinrich Lambert|J.H. Lambert]] estimated its orbital period as eleven days and three hours.

In 1884, [[Jean-Charles Houzeau]], the former director of the [[Royal Observatory of Belgium|Royal Observatory of Brussels]] suggested that the "moon" was actually a planet which orbited the Sun every 283 days. Such a planet would be in conjunction with Venus every 1080 days, which fit with the recorded observations.  Houzeau was also the first to give the object the name Neith, after an [[Neith|Egyptian goddess]].

The [[The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium|Belgian Academy of Sciences]] published a paper in 1887 which studied each reported sighting of Neith.  Ultimately, they determined that most of the sightings could be explained by stars which had been in the vicinity of Venus, including [[Chi Orionis]], [[M Tauri]], [[71 Orionis]], [[Nu Geminorum]] and [[Theta Librae]].

==See also==
*[[List of hypothetical astronomical objects]]
*[[524522 Zoozve]], a [[quasi-satellite]] of Venus
*[[2013 ND15|2013 ND<sub>15</sub>]], a temporary [[Trojan (astronomy)|trojan]] of Venus
*[[Venus]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/hypothet.htm#neith Neith, the Moon of Venus]

((Venus))

((DEFAULTSORT:Neith (Hypothetical Moon)))
[[Category:Hypothetical bodies of the Solar System]]
[[Category:Hypothetical moons]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Planetary satellite systems]]

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