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((Short description|Neoclassical revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=February 2016))
((One source|date=February 2016))
))

[[Image:Dawison.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Neo-Grec architecture in the tomb of actor [[Bogumil Dawison]] in [[Dresden]], Germany]]
'''Néo-Grec''' was a Neoclassical Revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century that was popularized in architecture, the decorative arts, and in painting during France's [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], or the reign of [[Napoleon III]] (1852&ndash;1870). The Néo-Grec vogue took as its starting point the earlier expressions of the Neoclassical style inspired by 18th-century excavations at [[Pompeii]], which resumed in earnest in 1848, and similar excavations at [[Herculaneum]]. The style mixed elements of the [[Greek Revival architecture|Graeco-Roman]], Pompeian, [[Adam style#Revival|Adam]] and [[Egyptian Revival architecture|Egyptian Revival]] styles into "a richly eclectic polychrome mélange."<ref name="Oxford">James Stevens Curl & Susan Wilson, eds., "Néo-Grec," ''The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'' (Oxford University Press, 2015).[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-KrCQAAQBAJ&q=neo-grec+neo-clasical+style+of+the+second+Empire&pg=PT142]</ref> "The style enjoyed a vogue in the United States, and had a short-lived impact on interior design in England and elsewhere."<ref name="Oxford"/>

==Architecture==
((main|Greek Revival architecture))
In architecture, the Néo-Grec is not always clearly distinguishable from the Neoclassical designs of the earlier part of the century, in buildings such as the [[Church of the Madeleine]], Paris. The classic example of Néo-Grec architecture is [[Henri Labrouste]]'s innovative [[Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve]] in [[Paris]], 1843–50, generally seen as the first major public building in this later mode of classicism.

Not only was the Néo-Grec popular in [[France]], but also in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[England]] and especially in the [[United States]], where its severity accorded with the [[American Renaissance]]. The architectural historian [[Neil Levine (art historian)|Neil Levine]] has explained the style as a reaction against the rigidity of [[Classicism]].<ref>N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Neo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), ''The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts'', New York, 1977, pp. 325–416.</ref> According to Levine, Néo-Grec was a somewhat looser style, which "replaced the rhetorical form of classical architectural discourse by a more literal and descriptive syntax of form."<ref>N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Néo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), ''The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts'', New York, 1977, p. 332.</ref> It was meant to be a "readable" architecture.

American architect [[Richard Morris Hunt]] introduced Néo-Grec massing into his buildings in the late 1860s and 1870s.<ref>Doreen Bolger Burke, ed., ''In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement'' (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981), p. 469.</ref> Hunt's student, [[Frank Furness]], did the same in his early Philadelphia buildings, and experimented with using massing and visual "weight" for dramatic effect.<ref name="Furness"/>((rp|154))
<gallery>
Image:Bibliothèque St Geneviève Paris.jpg|[[Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève]] (1843–1850), Paris, [[Henri Labrouste]], architect
File:Lenox Library Loeffler.jpg|[[Lenox Library (New York City)|Lennox Library]] (1871–77, demolished 1910), Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt, architect
File:Northern Saving Fund.JPG|Northern Savings Fund Society (1871–72), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect
File:FRONT ELEVATION, LOOKING SOUTHWEST - Kensington National Bank, 2-8 West Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA HABS PA,51-PHILA,460-1.tif|Kensington National Bank (1877), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect
File:ProvidentTrust.jpg|Provident Life and Trust Company (1876–79, demolished 1960), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect 
</gallery>

==Decorative arts==
In the decorative arts, Neo-Grec was based on the standard repertory of Greco-Roman ornament, combining motifs drawn from [[Pottery of Ancient Greece|Greek vase-painting]] and repetitive architectural motifs like [[anthemion]]s, [[palmette]]s, [[meander (art)|Greek key]] with elements from the [[Adam style|Adam]] and [[Louis XVI style|Louis XVI]] styles of early Neoclassicism (c. 1765–1790), and of Napoleonic-era [[Egyptian Revival decorative arts]]; it can be identified by the frequent use of isolated motifs of Classical heads and figures, masks, winged griffins, sea-serpents, urns, medallions, [[Arabesque (European art)|arabesque]]s and lotus buds confined within panels, shaped reserves or multiple borders of anthemion, guilloche, and Greek fret pattern. Neo-Grec was eclectic, abstracted, polychromatic, and sometimes bizarre. Its treatment was intentionally dry and linear. Its vignettes and repeating patterns lent themselves to [[stencil]]ling. Typical "Neo-Grec" color harmonies were rich and harsh: black motifs and outlines against "Pompeian" red, powder blue and puce, bistre and olive drab might be combined in a single decor. The style maintained its supremacy briefly before other fashions came to the top in France.<ref name='Harpers1877'>((cite journal|title=Elizabethan and later English furniture|journal=Harper's New Monthly Magazine|date=December 1877|volume=56|issue=331|pages=18–33))</ref>
<gallery>
File:Etrurisches Zimmer.jpg|Etruscan room (((circa))1840), by Friedrich Wilhelm Klose, Pottsdam, Germany
File:Frédéric-Eugène Piat - Cheminée monumentale de style néo-grec.JPG|Cheminée monumentale de style néo-grec (1862), Frédéric-Eugène Piat, Paris, France 
</gallery>

===In the United States===
Frank Furness and furniture maker [[Daniel Pabst]] created Neo-Grec furniture for the city house of liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, circa 1870,<ref name="Furness">George E. Thomas, et al., ''Frank Furness: The Complete Works'' (Princeton Architectural Press, 1991, revised 1996).</ref>((rp|158–59)) and for the library of the architect's brother, [[Horace Howard Furness]], circa 1871.<ref name="Furness" />((rp|166–67)) They created paneling and furniture for the Manhattan city house of [[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]], circa 1873.<ref name="Furness"/>((rp|180–183)) Pabst's [[Modern Gothic cabinet|Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet]] (circa 1877-80), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, mixed Gothic detailing and exaggerated [[Corinthian column|Corinthian]] capitals.
<gallery>
File:Henry Gibson Drawing Room from Sheldon 1883-84.jpg|Drawing room of Henry Gibson (((circa)) 1870), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Neo-Grec center table is now in the collection of the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].<ref>David A. Hanks, ''The Quest for Unity: American Art between World's Fairs, 1876–1893''. Detroit Institute of Arts. 1983, pp. 263–264.</ref>
File:RooseveltDiningroom.jpg|Dining room of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (((circa)) 1873), Manhattan, New York City. The dining table is now in the collection of the [[High Museum of Art]].<ref>[https://high.org/collections/dining-table/ Dining Table], from High Museum of Art.</ref>
File:Pabst Neo-Grec Armchair profile.jpg|Neo-Grec armchair (((circa))1870–1875), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, private collection
File:Cabinet MET DT180 cropped.jpg|Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (((circa))1877–1880), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
</gallery>

==Painting==
In [[painting]], the Neoclassical style continued to be taught in the French Academy des Beaux-Arts, inculcating crisp outlines, pellucid atmosphere, and a clear, clean palette. However, a formal Neo-Grec group of artists was created in the mid 19th century after growing interest in [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and especially the later excavations at [[Pompeii]]. The [[Paris Salon]] of 1847, an art exhibition, revealed the [[Academic art|academic painter]] [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], who in ''[[The Cock Fight]]'' depicted a composition in which, in a scene of antiquity, a young boy and a girl attend the combat of two [[rooster|cocks]]. Gérôme gained fame from this exhibition, and in the next year formed the Neo-Grec group with [[Jean-Louis Hamon]] and [[Henri-Pierre Picou]]&mdash;all three pupils in the same ''atelier'' under [[Charles Gleyre]].

Gleyre himself adopted the tenets of neo-classicism more strictly than others at the time, adopting the classical style and aesthetic, but almost exclusively applying it to myths and motifs from antiquity, recalling both characters from Greek myth, and antique emblems such as bacchantes and putti. The Neo-Grec group took Gleyre's style and interests, but adapted it from use in [[history painting]] as in Gleyre's work, into [[genre painting]]. Because they were inspired by discoveries at Pompeii, they were also called ''néo-pompéiens''.

[[Louis Hector Leroux|Hector Leroux]] was also identified as a Neo-Grec.<ref> Louis Gallet, ''Salon de 1865: peinture, sculpture'', Paris: Le Bailly, 1863, [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1141631/f22 p. 19].</ref>

The paintings of the Neo-Grecs sought to capture everyday, anecdotal trivialities of [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] life, in a manner of whimsy, grace, and charm, and were often realistic, sensual, and erotic. For this reason they were also called "anacreontic" after the Greek poet [[Anacreon]], who wrote sprightly verses in praise of love and wine. Alfred de Tanouarn describes one of Hamon's paintings as "clear, simple and natural, the idea, the attitudes and the aspects. It leads the lips a soft smile; it causes us an inexpressible feeling of pleasure in which one is happy to stop and view the painting". It can perhaps be said the motto of this group was "the goal of art is to charm". Most Neo-Grec paintings were also done in a horizontal layout as in a [[frieze]] decoration or Greek vases, with the composition simplified.

The Neo-Grec school was criticized in many respects; for its attention to historical detail it was said by [[Baudelaire]] "the scholarship is to disguise the absence of imagination", and the subject matter was considered by many as trivial. The painters were also charged with selectively adopting the ancient Greek style, in that they left out noble themes and only focused on trivial daily life&mdash;leading to the accusation that they were creating art that supported the ideologies of the ''[[bourgeoisie]]'', or comfortable middle class.

The discovery in Pompeii also inspired history paintings based on the event, not necessarily strictly in a Neo-Grec style, such as ''[[The Last Day of Pompeii]]'' by [[Karl Briullov]].

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Jeunes Grecs faisant battre des coqs, 1846.jpg|''[[The Cock Fight]]'' by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1846
File:Hamon Jean-Louis-Old China Shop (Pompeii).jpg|''The Old China Shop (Pompeii)'' by Jean-Louis Hamon, 1860. Hamon was one of the original members of the Neo-Grec group and one of the longest running adapters of the style. Here, Hamon specifically references Pompeii.
File:Toulmouche Auguste-Maternal Love.jpg|''Maternal Love'' by Auguste Toulmouche. Toulmouche often associated with the Neo-Grec group and many of his paintings, though not depicting antique subjects, adapted the style to a context that was contemporary, using subjects considered 'bourgeois' in reflecting the daily life of the French middle class.
</gallery>

==Music==
The Neo-Grec vogue even made its way into French [[music]] through the works of the composer [[Erik Satie]] in a series of pieces called ''[[Gymnopédies]]'' – the title is a reference to dances performed by the youths of ancient [[Sparta]] in honour of [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]] and [[Apollo]] at ceremonies commemorating the dead of the [[Battle of the 300 Champions|Battle of Thyrea]]. Their archaic melodies float above a modally oriented harmonic basis. The melodies of the ''[[Gnossiennes]]'' go further in this direction; they use ancient Greek chromatic mode (A–G flat–F–E–D flat–C–B–A) and an [[Arabesque (European art)|arabesque]] ornamentation.

==See also==
((Portal|Architecture))
* [[List of architectural styles]]
*[[Goût grec]]
*[[Empire (style)|Empire style]]
*[[Federal architecture]]
*[[1795–1820 in fashion|Neoclassical influenced fashions]]

==References==
;Notes
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [http://ah.bfn.org/a/DCTNRY/doric/index.html Greek Revival - Buffalo Architecture and History] Neo-Grec features and examples from Buffalo
* [http://store.antiqueroom.com/neogreco.html Antique Room Neo-Grec furniture] furniture gallery
* [http://www.bradbury.com/victorian/neogrec.html Bradbury & Bradbury Wallpapers] Neo-grec roomset and links to wallpapers showing typical neo-grec patterns

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((revivals|state=collapsed))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Neoclassical movements]]
[[Category:Revival architectural styles]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture| ]]

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