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((Short description|Structures dated about 10,000 to 2,000 BC))
((Refimprove|date=January 2013))
[[File:Orkney Skara Brae.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Excavated dwellings at [[Skara Brae]]]]
'''Neolithic architecture''' refers to structures encompassing housing and shelter from approximately 10,000 to 2,000 BC, the [[Neolithic period]]. In southwest Asia, Neolithic cultures appear soon after 10,000 BC, initially in the [[Levant]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] and [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]]) and from there into the east and west. Early Neolithic structures and buildings can be found in southeast Anatolia, Syria, and Iraq by 8,000 BC with [[agriculture]] societies first appearing in southeast Europe by 6,500 BC, and central Europe by ca. 5,500 BC (of which the earliest cultural complexes include the  [[Kőrös culture|Starčevo-Koros (Cris)]], [[Linearbandkeramic]], and [[Vinca culture|Vinča]].((citation needed|date=January 2013))

Architectural advances are an important part of the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000-2000 BC), during which some of the major innovations of human history occurred. The domestication of plants and animals, for example, led to both new economics and a new relationship between people and the world, an increase in community size and permanence, a massive development of material culture, and new social and ritual solutions to enable people to live together in these communities. New styles of individual structures and their combination into settlements provided the buildings required for the new lifestyle and economy, and were also an essential element of change.<ref name="Architecture The Whole Story">((cite book|last1=Richard Rogers, Philip Gumuchdjian, Denna Jones, and other people|title=Architecture The Whole Story|date=2014|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-29148-1|page=148 & 149|url=|language=en))</ref>

==Housing==
((See also|Neolithic#Shelter and sedentism))<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">

File:Catal Hüyük Restoration B.jpg|The interior of a reconstructed [[Çatalhöyük]] house

Trypillian house2.jpg|Pottery miniature of a [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian]] house

Cucuteni MNIR IMG 7622.JPG|Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels

AMK - Linearbandkeramik Modell Hienheim 3.jpg|Reconstruction of a settlement of the [[Linear Pottery culture]], 5th millennium BC, in the Archaeological Museum of Kelheim (Lower [[Bavaria]], Germany)
</gallery> 

The Neolithic people in the [[Levant]], [[Anatolia]], [[Syria]], northern [[Mesopotamia]] and central Asia were great builders, utilising [[mud-brick]] to construct houses and villages. At [[Çatalhöyük]], houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals.

In Europe, the [[Neolithic long house]] with a timber frame, pitched, [[thatching|thatched roof]], and walls finished in [[wattle and daub]] could be very large, presumably housing a whole extended family.  Villages might comprise only a few such houses.

Neolithic [[pile dwelling]]s have been excavated in Sweden ([[Alvastra pile dwelling]]) and in the circum-Alpine area, with remains being found at the [[Mondsee (lake)|Mondsee]] and [[Attersee (lake)|Attersee]] lakes in [[Upper Austria]]. Early [[archeology|archaeologists]] like [[Ferdinand Keller (antiquity scholar)|Ferdinand Keller]] thought they formed artificial islands, much like the Scottish [[crannog]]s, but today it is clear that the majority of settlements was located on the shores of lakes and were only inundated later on. Reconstructed pile dwellings are shown in [[open-air museum]]s in [[Pfahlbau Museum Unteruhldingen|Unteruhldingen]] and [[Zürich]] (Pfahlbauland).((citation needed|date=January 2013))

In Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine, Neolithic settlements included wattle-and-daub structures with thatched roofs and floors made of logs covered in clay.<ref>Gheorghiu, D. (2010). The technology of building in Chalcolithic southeastern Europe, pp. 95–100. In Gheorghiu, D. (ed.), ''Neolithic and Chalcolithic Architecture in Eurasia: Building Techniques and Spatial Organisation. Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4–9 September 2006) / Actes du XV Congrès Mondial (Lisbonne, 4–9 Septembre 2006)'', Vol 48, Session C35, BAR International Series 2097, Archaeopress, Oxford.</ref> This is also when the [[burdei]] [[pit-house]] (below-ground) style of house construction was developed, which was still used by Romanians and Ukrainians until the 20th century.((citation needed|date=January 2013))

Neolithic [[List of archaeological sites|settlements and "cities"]] include:
* [[Göbekli Tepe]] in Turkey, ca. 9,000 BC
* [[Tell es-Sultan]] (Jericho) in the Levant, Neolithic from around 8,350 BC, arising from the earlier [[Epipaleolithic]] [[Natufian culture]]
* [[Nevali Cori]] in Turkey, ca. 8,000 BC
* [[Çatalhöyük]] in [[Turkey]], 7,500 BC
* [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Pakistan]], 7,000 BC
* [[Knap of Howar]] and [[Skara Brae]], the [[Orkney Islands]], [[Prehistoric Scotland|Scotland]], from 3,500 BC
* over 3,000 settlements of the [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture]], some with populations up to 15,000 residents, flourished in present-day [[Romania]], [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]] from 5,400 to 2,800 BC.

==Tombs and ritual monuments==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
Anta Cerqueira em Couto Esteves.JPG|[[Dolmen]] in [[Couto Esteves]] ([[Portugal]])

Dolmen Coste-Rouge Soumont.jpg|[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dolmen_de_Coste-Rouge Dolmen de Coste-Rouge] in [[Soumont]] (France) 

Dscn5212-mane-braz 800x600.jpg|Megalithic tomb in [[Mane Braz]] (Brittany)
</gallery>
Elaborate [[funerary monument|tombs]] for the dead were also built. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built [[long barrow]]s and [[chamber tomb]]s for their dead and [[causewayed camp]]s, [[henge]]s and [[cursus]] monuments.

===Megalithic architecture===
((see also|Megalithic architectural elements))
[[Megalith]]s found in Europe and the Mediterranean were also erected in the Neolithic period. These monuments include megalithic tombs, [[temple]]s and several structures of unknown function. Tomb architecture is normally easily distinguished by the presence of human remains that had originally been buried, often with recognizable intent. Other structures may have had a mixed use, now often characterised as religious, ritual, astronomical or political. The modern distinction between various architectural functions with which we are familiar today, now makes it difficult for us to think of some megalithic structures as multi-purpose socio-cultural centre points. Such structures would have served a mixture of socio-economic, ideological, political functions and indeed aesthetic ideals.

The megalithic structures of [[Ġgantija]], [[Tarxien Temples|Tarxien]], [[Ħaġar Qim]], [[Mnajdra]], [[Ta' Ħaġrat Temples|Ta' Ħaġrat]], [[Skorba Temples|Skorba]] and smaller satellite buildings on [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]], first appearing in their current form around 3600 BC, represent one of the earliest examples of a fully developed architectural statement in which aesthetics, location, design and engineering fused into free-standing monuments. [[Stonehenge]], the other well-known building from the Neolithic would later, 2600 and 2400 BC for the sarsen stones, and perhaps 3000 BC for the blue stones, be transformed into the form that we know so well. At its height Neolithic architecture marked geographic space; their durable monumentality embodied a past, perhaps made up of memories and remembrance.

In the Central Mediterranean, Malta also became home of a subterranean [[Skeuomorph|skeuomorphised]] form of architecture around 3600 BC. At the [[Ħal-Saflieni Hypogeum]], the inhabitants of Malta carved out an underground burial complex in which surface architectural elements were used to embellish a series of chambers and entrances. It is at the Neolithic Ħal-Saflieni Hypogeum that the earliest known skeuomorphism first occurred in the world. This architectural device served to define the aesthetics of the underworld in terms that well known in the larger megaliths. On Malta and Gozo, surface and subterranean architecture defined two worlds, which later, in the Greek world, would manifest themselves in the myth of [[Hades]] and the world of the living. In Malta, therefore, we encounter Neolithic architecture which is demonstrably not purely functional, but which was conceptual in design and purpose.

==Other structures==
Early Neolithic water wells from the [[Linear Pottery culture]] have been found in central Germany near [[Leipzig]]. These structures are built in timber with complicated [[woodworking joints]] at the edges and are dated between 5,200 and 5,100 BC.<ref>[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374 Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture] Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U (2012) Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374</ref>

The world's oldest known engineered roadway, the [[Sweet Track]] in England, also dates from this time.((citation needed|date=January 2013))<ref>((Cite web| url=https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Sweet_Track/| title=The Sweet Track|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]| access-date=2019-02-24))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ancestral Puebloans]]
* [[Architectural history]]
* [[Megalithic Temples of Malta]]
* [[Ħal-Saflieni Hypogeum]]
* [[Womb tomb]]
* [[Proto-city]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((Commons|Dolmen))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217071220/http://www.skypalace.org/europe/slavic/east_slavic/russia/articles/pre-history.shtml Russian Architecture: Pre-History]

((Archhistory))
((Prehistoric technology| state=expanded))

((DEFAULTSORT:Neolithic Architecture))
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:Neolithic|architecture]]

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