Nervous system disease
SpecialtyNeurology

Nervous system diseases, also known as nervous system or neurological disorders, refers to a small class of medical conditions affecting the nervous system. This category encompasses over 600 different conditions, including genetic disorders, infections, cancer, seizure disorders (such as epilepsy), conditions with a cardiovascular origin (such as stroke), congenital and developmental disorders (such as spina bifida), and degenerative disorders (such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).[1]

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms can vary depending on the condition. Given the significance of the nervous system in human physiology, symptoms can involve other organ systems and result in motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, pain, etc.

Causes

Genetic

Some nervous system diseases are due to genetic mutations.[2] For example, Huntington's disease is an inherited disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration.[3] Huntington's disease results from a mutation in either copy of the HTT gene, which results in an abnormally folded protein.[4] The accumulation of mutated proteins results in brain damage of the basal ganglia.[4]

Congenital/developmental defect

Developing babies can have birth defects that affect the formation of the nervous system.[5] For example, Anencephaly (or spina bifida) causes abnormalities in the nervous system due to neural tube defects.[5]

Cancer

This figure illustrates how glioblastoma affects brain tissue.

Specialized cells in the central nervous system, such as glial cells, may proliferate abnormally and form gliomas.[6] Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of glioma.[7]

Infection

Pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses can affect the nervous system.[8] For example, meningitis is a common infection of the central nervous system, where bacterial or viral infections cause an inflammation of the meninges.[9]

Seizure disorder

It is suspected that seizures occur because of synchronized brain activity.[10] Epilepsy, for example, is characterized by an abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which causes repeated seizures.[11]

Vascular

The brain is rich in blood vessels because it requires a lot of nutrients and oxygen.[12] A stroke may result from a blood clot or hemorrhage.[13]

Degenerative

This diagram shows the myelin sheath around axons of healthy neurons looks like, and the result of demyelination of neurons in Multiple Sclerosis.

A neurodegenerative disease is a disease that causes damage to neurons. Examples of neurodegenerative disease include Alzheimer's disease,[14] Parkinson's disease,[15] and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[16] For example, multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease where the body initiate an inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system, and causes damage to neurons.[17][18] Neurodegneration is different in each disease; for example, MS is a result of a degenerative process called demyelination.[17] On the other hand, Parkinson's disease results from damage of neurons in the Substantia Nigra, which is important to initiate motor behavior.[19]

Anatomy

Central nervous system (CNS)

According to Tim Newman, the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, it collects information from the entire body and it also controls functions throughout the entire body.[20]

Brain

Newman's research also shows that the brain is the most complex organ in the entire body. The brain is split up into 4 lobes: the temporal, parietal the occipital, and the frontal.The brain has over 100 billion neurons and it uses about 20% of the body's oxygen.[21]

Main article: Human brain

Spinal cord

The spinal cord runs through most of the back. The spinal cord contains a total of 31 spinal nerves in between each vertebra. The nerves connect to the peripheral nervous system.[20]

Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system connects to the muscles and glands and sends information to the central nervous system.[22]

Diagnosis

There are a number of different tests that can be used to diagnose neurological disorders.

Lumbar puncture

Main article: Lumbar puncture

A lumbar puncture (LP), also known as a spinal tap, is a procedure where a hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, allowing for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for collection and subsequent analysis. Red and white blood cell counts, protein and glucose levels, and the presence of abnormal cells or pathogens such as bacteria and viruses can all be screened for. The opacity and color of the fluid can also yield useful information that can assist in a diagnosis.

Treatments

The treatments for nervous system disorders varies depending on the condition, and can include interventions such as medication, surgery, and therapy.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Nervous System Diseases – Neurologic Diseases". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  2. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 364. ISBN 9781605357430.
  3. ^ Podvin, Sonia; Reardon, Holly T.; Yin, Katrina; Mosier, Charles; Hook, Vivian (March 2019). "Multiple clinical features of Huntington's disease correlate with mutant HTT gene CAG repeat lengths and neurodegeneration". Journal of Neurology. 266 (3): 551–564. doi:10.1007/s00415-018-8940-6. ISSN 0340-5354. PMID 29956026. S2CID 49530265.
  4. ^ a b Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 365. ISBN 9781605357430.
  5. ^ a b Johnson, Candice Y.; Honein, Margaret A.; Flanders, W. Dana; Howards, Penelope P.; Oakley, Godfrey P.; Rasmussen, Sonja A. (2012). "Pregnancy termination following prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly or spina bifida: A systematic review of the literature". Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 94 (11): 857–863. doi:10.1002/bdra.23086. ISSN 1542-0760. PMC 4589245. PMID 23097374.
  6. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 208. ISBN 9781605357430.
  7. ^ Lim, Michael; Xia, Yuanxuan; Bettegowda, Chetan; Weller, Michael (July 2018). "Current state of immunotherapy for glioblastoma". Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 15 (7): 422–442. doi:10.1038/s41571-018-0003-5. ISSN 1759-4774. PMID 29643471. S2CID 4797336.
  8. ^ Houlihan, Catherine F.; Bharucha, Tehmina; Breuer, Judith (June 2019). "Advances in molecular diagnostic testing for central nervous system infections". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 32 (3): 244–250. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000548. ISSN 0951-7375. PMID 30950854. S2CID 96435953.
  9. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781605357430.
  10. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781605357430.
  11. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9781605357430.
  12. ^ Breedloe, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9781605357430.
  13. ^ Alsharif, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Publisher. p. 51. ISBN 9781605357430.
  14. ^ Hurtley, Stella M. (1998-11-06). "Neurodegeneration". Science. 282 (5391): 1071. doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1071. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 220112630.
  15. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 361. ISBN 9781605357430.
  16. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 350. ISBN 9781605357430.
  17. ^ a b Shroff, Geeta (2018-02-12). "A review on stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: special focus on human embryonic stem cells". Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications. 11: 1–11. doi:10.2147/SCCAA.S135415. ISSN 1178-6957. PMC 5813951. PMID 29483778.
  18. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9781605357430.
  19. ^ Breedlove, S. Mark (2018). Behavioral Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781605357430.
  20. ^ a b "Central nervous system: Structure, function, and diseases". Medical News Today. 22 December 2017.
  21. ^ "Central nervous system: Structure, function, and diseases". 22 December 2017.
  22. ^ "Peripheral Nervous System". www.indiana.edu.
  23. ^ "Nervous System Side Effects". Cancer.Net. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2019-04-05.

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