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((Short description|Computer storage product))
((multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=May 2019))
((overly detailed|date=May 2019))
((one source|date=June 2011))
))

A '''NetApp FAS''' is a [[computer storage]] product by [[NetApp]] running the [[ONTAP]] operating system; the terms ONTAP, '''AFF''', '''ASA''', '''FAS''' are often used as synonyms. "Filer" is also used as a synonym although this is not an official name. There are '''three types of FAS systems''': ''Hybrid'', ''All-Flash'', and ''All SAN Array'': 
# NetApp proprietary custom-build hardware appliances with HDD or SSD drives called hybrid Fabric-Attached Storage (or simply FAS)<ref>
((cite book
|last1= Nabrzyski|first1= Jarek
|last2= Schopf|first2= Jennifer M.
|last3= Węglarz|first3= Jan
|title= Grid Resource Management: State of the Art and Future Trends
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o5J8kyfreXAC&pg=PA535
|accessdate= 11 June 2012|year= 2004
|publisher= Springer
|isbn= 978-1-4020-7575-9|page= 342
))
</ref>
# NetApp proprietary custom-build hardware appliances with only SSD drives and optimized ONTAP for low latency called ALL-Flash FAS (or simply AFF)
# All SAN Array build on top of AFF platform, and provide only SAN-based data protocol connectivity. 
ONTAP can serve storage over a network using file-based protocols such as [[Network File System|NFS]] and [[Server Message Block|SMB]], also block-based protocols, such as the [[SCSI command|SCSI]] over the [[Fibre Channel Protocol]] on a [[Fibre Channel]] network, [[Fibre Channel over Ethernet]] (FCoE), [[iSCSI]], and [[NVMe#NVMeOF|FC-NVMe]] transport layer. ONTAP-based systems that can serve both SAN and NAS protocols called Unified ONTAP, AFF systems with ASA identity called All-SAN.

NetApp storage systems running ONTAP implement their physical storage in large [[disk array]]s.

While most large-storage systems are implemented with commodity computers with an [[operating system]] such as [[Microsoft Windows Server]], [[VxWorks]] or tuned [[Linux]], ONTAP-based hardware appliances use highly customized hardware and the [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[ONTAP|Data ONTAP]] operating system with [[Write Anywhere File Layout|WAFL]] file system, all originally designed by NetApp founders [[David Hitz]] and James Lau specifically for storage-serving purposes. ONTAP is NetApp's internal operating system, specially optimized for storage functions at high and low levels. It boots from [[FreeBSD]] as a stand-alone kernel-space module and uses some functions of [[FreeBSD]] (command interpreter and drivers stack, for example).

All NetApp ONTAP-based hardware appliances have battery-backed [[non-volatile random access memory]] or NVDIMM, referred to as [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|NVRAM or NVDIMM]],((citation needed|date=October 2016)) which allows them to commit writes to stable storage more quickly than traditional systems with only volatile memory.  Early storage systems connected to external [[disk enclosure]]s via parallel [[SCSI]], while modern models (((as of | 2009 | lc = on))) use fibre channel and SAS (Serial Attach SCSI) SCSI transport protocols. The disk enclosures (shelves) use fibre channel [[hard disk drive]]s, as well as [[parallel ATA]], [[serial ATA]] and [[Serial attached SCSI]]. Starting with AFF A800 NVRAM PCI card no longer used for NVLOGs, it was replaced with NVDIMM memory directly connected to the memory bus.

Implementers often organize two storage systems in a [[high-availability cluster]] with a private high-speed link, either [[Fibre Channel]], [[InfiniBand]], [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]], [[40 Gigabit Ethernet]] or [[100 Gigabit Ethernet]]. One can additionally group such clusters together under a single [[namespace]] when running in the "cluster mode" of the Data ONTAP 8 operating system.

== Internal architecture ==
((unreferenced section|date=November 2017))
[[File:Wikimedia Foundation Servers-8055 01.jpg|thumb|NetApp FAS3240-R5]]
Modern NetApp FAS, AFF or ASA system consist of customized [[computers]] with [[Intel]] processors using [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]]. Each FAS, AFF or ASA system has [[non-volatile random access memory]], called [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|NVRAM]], in the form of a proprietary PCI NVRAM adapter or [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|NVDIMM]]-based memory, to log all writes for performance and to play the data log forward in the event of an unplanned shutdown. One can link two storage systems together as a cluster, which NetApp (as of 2009) refers to using the less ambiguous term "Active/Active".

== Hardware ==
Each storage system model comes with a set configuration of processor, RAM, and [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|non-volatile memory]], which users cannot expand after purchase.  With the exception of some of the entry point storage controllers, the NetApp FAS, ASA, and AFF systems usually have at least one PCIe-based slot available for additional network, tape and/or disk connections. In June 2008 NetApp announced the Performance Acceleration Module (or PAM) to optimize the performance of workloads that carry out intensive random reads. This optional card goes into a PCIe slot and provides additional memory (or cache) between the disk and the storage system cache and system memory, thus improving performance.

=== AFF ===
All-Flash FAS, also known as AFF A-series. Usually, AFF systems based on the same hardware as FAS but first one optimized and works only with SSD drives on the back end while the second one can use HDD and SSD as a cache: for example, AFF A700 & FAS9000, A300 & FAS8200, A200 & FAS2600, A220 & FAS2700 use the same hardware, but AFF systems do not include Flash Cache cards. Also, AFF systems do not support FlexArray with third-party storage array virtualization functionality. AFF is a Unified system and can provide SAN & NAS data protocol connectivity, and in addition to traditional SAN & NAS protocols in FAS systems, AFF has block-based NVMe/FC protocol for systems with 32Gbit/s FC ports. AFF & FAS use the same firmware image, and nearly all noticeable functionality for the end-user is the same for both storage systems. However, internally data is processed and handled differently in ONTAP. AFF systems, for example, use different Write Allocation algorithms as compared to FAS systems. Because AFF systems have faster underlying SSD drives, [[ONTAP#Storage efficiency|Inline data deduplication]] in ONTAP systems is nearly not noticeable (~2% performance impact on low-end systems).<ref>((cite web
 |publisher   = Storage Review
 |author1     = Brian Beeler
 |accessdate  = 1 June 2018
 |date        = 31 January 2018
 |archivedate = 2018-06-02
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180602015521/http://www.storagereview.com/netapp_aff_a200_vmmark_3_results_published/
 |url         = http://www.storagereview.com/netapp_aff_a200_vmmark_3_results_publisheddf
 |title       = NetApp AFF A200 VMmark 3 Results Published
))</ref>

==== ASA ====
All SAN Array running ONTAP, and based on AFF platform thus inherits its features & functionalities, and data internally processed and handled the same as in AFF systems. All other ONTAP-based hardware and software platforms can be referred to as ''Unified ONTAP'' meaning they can provide unified access with SAN & NAS data protocols. ONTAP architecture in ASA systems is the same as in FAS & AFF, with no changes. ASA systems using the same firmware image as AFF & FAS systems. ASA is the same as AFF, and the only difference is in the access to the storage over the network with SAN protocols: ASA provides symmetric active/active access to the block devices (LUN or NVMe namespaces), while Unified ONTAP systems continue to use ALUA and ANA for the block protocols.  The original ASA platform was first announced in 2019 and re-launched in May 2023.<ref>((Cite web |last=Evans |first=Chris |date=2023-05-16 |title=NetApp Relaunches the All-SAN Array |url=https://www.architecting.it/blog/netapp-asa-relaunch/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Architecting IT |language=en-GB))</ref>

==== C-Series ====
In February 2023, NetApp introduced a new AFF product line code named the C-Series.  This platform uses [[Multi-level cell#Quad-level cell|quad-level cell]] (QLC) NAND flash and is aimed at competing with the QLC-based products already in the market from Pure Storage (specifically FlashArray//C).<ref>((Cite web |last=Evans |first=Chris |date=2023-02-07 |title=NetApp Announces C-Series Capacity-Focused ONTAP All-Flash System |url=https://www.architecting.it/blog/netapp-c-series-launch/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Architecting IT |language=en-GB))</ref> The C-Series has higher latency than typical AFF systems, at around 2-4 milliseconds compared to 500 microseconds on AFF using [[Multi-level cell#Triple-level cell|triple-level cell]] (TLC) media.  However, the aim of the platform is to provide a lower price point for customers that might otherwise not choose all-flash systems.

=== Storage ===
NetApp uses either [[SATA]],  [[Fibre Channel]], [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS]] or [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] disk drives, which it groups into [[RAID]] (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Array of Independent Disks) groups of up to 28 (26 data disks plus 2 parity disks). NetApp FAS storage systems which contain only SSD drives with installed SSD-optimized ONTAP OS called All-Flash FAS ([https://www.spectra.com/wp-content/uploads/NetApp_AFF.pdf AFF]).

====Disks====
FAS, ASA, and AFF systems are using enterprise-level HDD and SSD (i.e. NVMe SSD) drives with two ports, each port connected to each controller in an HA pair. HDD and SSD drives can only be bought from NetApp and installed in NetApp's Disk Shelves for FAS/AFF platform. Physical HDD and SSD drives, partitions on them, and LUNs imported from third-party arrays with FlexArray functionality considered in ONTAP as a ''Disk''. In SDS systems like ONTAP Select & ONTAP Cloud, logical block storage like virtual disk or RDM inside ONTAP also considered as a ''Disk''. Do not confuse the general term "disk drive" and "disk drive term used in ONTAP system" because, with ONTAP, it could be an entire physical HDD or SSD drive, a LUN, or a partition on a physical HDD or SSD drive. LUNs imported from third-party arrays with FlexArray functionality in HA pair configuration must be accessible from both nodes of the HA pair. Each disk has ownership on it to show which controller owns and serves the disk. An aggregate can include only disks owned by a single node, therefore each aggregate owned by a node and any objects on top of it, as FlexVol volumes, LUNs, File Shares are served with a single controller. Each controller can have its own disks and aggregates them where both nodes can be utilized simultaneously even though they not serving the same data.

====ADP====
Advanced Drive Partitioning (ADP) can be used in ONTAP-based systems depending on the platform and use-case. ADP can be used only with native disk drives from NetApp Disk shelves, FlexArray technology does not support ADP. ADP also supported with third-party drives in ONTAP Select. This technique mainly used to overcome some architectural requirements and reduce the number of disk drives in ONTAP-based systems. There are three types of ADP: Root-Data partitioning; Root-Data-Data partitioning (RD2 also known as ADPv2); Storage Pool.
''Root-Data partitioning'' can be used in FAS & AFF systems to create small root partitions on drives to use them to create system root aggregates and, therefore, not to spend entire three disk drives for that purpose. In contrast, the bigger portion of the disk drive will be used for data aggregate. ''Root-Data-Data partitioning'' is used in AFF systems only for the same reason as Root-Data partitioning with the only difference that bigger portion of the drive left after root partitioning divided equally by two additional partitions, usually, each partition assigned to one of the two controllers, therefore reducing the minimum number of drives required for an AFF system and reducing waste for expensive SSD space. ''Storage Pool partitioning'' technology used in FAS systems to equally divide each SSD drive by four pieces which later can be used for FlashPool cache acceleration, with Storage Pool only a few SSD drives can be divided by up to 4 data aggregates which will benefit from FlashCache caching technology reducing minimally required SSD drives for that technology.

====NetApp RAID in ONTAP====
[[File:WAFL Data Layout 2.png|thumb|ONTAP Storage layout: Aggregate, Plex, RAID]]
In NetApp [[ONTAP]] systems, [[RAID]] and [[Write Anywhere File Layout|WAFL]] are tightly integrated. There are several RAID types available within ONTAP-based systems: 
*[[RAID 4]] with 1 dedicated parity disk allowing any 1 drive to fail in a RAID group.
*[[RAID-DP]] with 2 dedicated parity disks allowing any 2 drives to fail simultaneously in a RAID group.<ref>((cite web
 |publisher   = NetApp
 |author1     = Jay White
 |author2     = Chris Lueth
 |author3     = Jonathan Bell
 |accessdate  = 29 January 2018
 |date        = 1 March 2013
 |archivedate = 2018-01-29
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180129220503/https://www.netapp.com/us/media/tr-3298.pdf
 |url         = https://www.netapp.com/us/media/tr-3298.pdf
 |title       = TR-3298. RAID-DP: NetApp Implementation of Double - Parity RAID for Data Protection
))</ref>
*RAID-TEC ((US patent reference | number = 7640484 )) with 3 dedicated parity drives, allows any 3 drives to fail simultaneously in a RAID group.<ref>((cite web
 |publisher   = NetApp
 |author1     = Peter Corbett
 |author2     = Atul Goel
 |accessdate  = 29 January 2018
 |archivedate = 2015-09-27
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150927213917/https://atg.netapp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/RTP_Goel.pdf
 |url         = https://atg.netapp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/RTP_Goel.pdf
 |title       = RAID Triple Parity
))</ref>
RAID-DP's double parity leads to a disk loss resiliency similar to that of [[RAID 6]]. NetApp overcomes the write performance penalty of traditional RAID-4 style dedicated parity disks via WAFL and a novel use of its [[Write Anywhere File Layout#Nonvolatile memory|nonvolatile memory]] (NVRAM) within each storage system.<ref>((cite web
 |publisher   = NetApp
 |author1     = Jay White
 |author2     = Carlos Alvarez
 |accessdate  = 24 January 2018
 |date        = 11 October 2013
 |archivedate = 2017-06-19
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170619130656/http://community.netapp.com/t5/Tech-OnTap-Articles/Back-to-Basics-RAID-DP/ta-p/86123
 |url         = http://community.netapp.com/t5/Tech-OnTap-Articles/Back-to-Basics-RAID-DP/ta-p/86123
 |title       = Back to Basics: RAID-DP
))</ref>
Each [[ONTAP#Aggregates|aggregate]] consist of one or two [[Write Anywhere File Layout#Plexes|plexe]]s, a plex consists of one or more RAID groups. Typical ONTAP-based storage system have only 1 plex in each aggregate, two plexes used in local SyncMirror or MetroCluster configurations. Each RAID group usually consists of disk drives of same type, speed, geometry and capacity. Though NetApp Support could allow a user to install a drive to a RAID group with same or bigger size and different type, speed and geometry for temporary basis. Ordinary data aggregates if containing more than one RAID group must have same RAID groups across the aggregate, same RAID group size is recommended, but NetApp allows to have exception in last RAID group and configure it as small as half of the RAID group size across aggregate. For example, such an aggregate might consists of 3 RAID groups: RG0:16+2, RG1:16+2, RG2:7+2. Within aggregates, ONTAP sets up flexible volumes ([[Write Anywhere File Layout#FlexVol|FlexVol]]) to store data that users can access.

Aggregates enabled as FlshPool and with both HDD and SSD drives called hybrid aggregates. In [[NetApp FAS#Flash Pool|Flash Pool]] hybrid aggregates same rules applied to the hybrid aggregate as to ordinary aggregates but separately to HDD and SSD drives, thus it is allowed to have two different RAID types: only one RAID type for all HDD drives and only one RAID type for all SSD drives in a single hybrid aggregate. For example, SAS HDD with RAID-TEC (RG0:18+3, RG1:18+3) and SSD with RAID-DP (RG3:6+2). NetApp storage systems running ONTAP combine underlying RAID groups similarly to [[RAID 0]]. Also, in NetApp FAS systems with [[NetApp FAS#FlexArray|FlexArray]] feature, the third-party LUNs could be combined in a [[Write Anywhere File Layout#Plexes|Plex]] similarly to RAID 0. NetApp storage systems running ONTAP can be deployed in MetroCluster and SyncMirror configurations, which are using technique comparably to [[RAID 1]] with mirroring data between two plexes in an aggregate.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | RAID Group Size (in number of drives) for Data Aggregates in AFF & FAS systems
|-
| Drive Type
| style="text-align: center;" | Minimum
| style="text-align: center;" | Default
| style="text-align: center;" | Maximum
| style="text-align: center;" | Minimum
| style="text-align: center;" | Default
| style="text-align: center;" | Maximum
| style="text-align: center;" | Minimum
| style="text-align: center;" | Default
| style="text-align: center;" | Maximum
|-
| 
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | RAID 4
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | RAID-DP
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | RAID-TEC
|-
| NVMe SSD
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | 3
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 8
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 14
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | 5
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 24
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 28
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" | 7
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 25
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" | 29
|-
| SSD
|-
| SAS
| style="text-align: center;" | 16
| style="text-align: center;" | 24
|-
| SATA or NL-SAS  < 6TB
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 7
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | 14
| style="text-align: center;" | 20
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" | 21
|-
| SATA or NL-SAS  (6TB, 8TB)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 14
|-
| MSATA  (6TB, 8TB)
| rowspan="4" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | Not possible
|-
| MSATA  < 6TB
| style="text-align: center;" | 20
|-
| MSATA  >= 10TB
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | Not possible
|-
| SATA or NL-SAS  >= 10TB
|}

==== Flash Pool ====
NetApp Flash Pool is a feature on hybrid NetApp FAS systems that allows creating hybrid [[ONTAP#Aggregates|aggregate]] with HDD drives and SSD drives in a single data aggregate. Both HDD and SSD drives form separate RAID groups. Since SSD also used to write operations, it requires RAID redundancy contrary to Flash Cache but allows to use of different RAID types for HDD and SSD; for example, it is possible to have 20 HDD 8TB in RAID-TEC while 4 SSD in RAID-DP 960GB in a single aggregate. SSD RAID used as cache and improved performance for read-write operations for [[Write Anywhere File Layout#FlexVol|FlexVol]] volumes on the aggregate where SSD added as the cache. Flash Pool cache similarly to Flash Cache has policies for reading operations but also includes write operations that could apply separately for each FlexVol volume located on the aggregate; therefore, it could be disabled on some volumes while others could benefit from SSD cache. Both FlashCache & FlashPool can be used simultaneously to cache data from a single FlexVol to enable an aggregate with Flash Pool technology minimum 4 SSD disks required (2 data, 1 parity, and 1 hot spare), it is also possible to use ADP technology to partition SSD into 4 pieces (Storage Pool) and distribute those pieces between two controllers so each controller will benefit from SSD cache when there is a small amount of SSD. Flash Pool is not available with FlexArray and is possible only with NetApp FAS native disk drives in NetApp's disk shelves.

====FlexArray====
FlexArray is NetApp FAS functionality allows to visualize third party storage systems and other NetApp storage systems over SAN protocols and use them instead of NetApp's disk shelves. With FlexArray functionality RAID protection must be done with third party storage array thus NetApp's RAID 4, RAID-DP and RAID-TEC not used in such configurations. One or many LUNs from third party arrays could be added to a single aggregate similarly to RAID 0. FlexArray is licensed feature.

=== NetApp Storage Encryption ===
NetApp Storage Encryption (NSE) is using specialized purpose build disks with low level [[Hardware-based full disk encryption]] (FDE/SED) feature and also supports FIPS-certified self-encrypted drives, compatible nearly with all NetApp ONTAP features and protocols but does not offer MetroCluster. NSE feature does overall nearly zero performance impact on the storage system. NSE feature similarly to [[ONTAP#NetApp Volume Encryption|NetApp Volume Encryption]] (NVE) in storage systems running ONTAP can store encryption key locally in [[ONTAP#Key Manager|Onboard Key Manager]] or on dedicated key manager systems using [[KMIP]] protocol like IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager and SafeNet KeySecure. NSE is [[data at rest]] encryption which means it protects only from physical disks theft and does not give an additional level of data security protection in a normal operational and running system. NetApp has passed [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] Cryptographic Module Validation Program for its NetApp CryptoMod (TPM) with ONTAP 9.2.<ref>((cite web
 |website     = Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)
 |publisher   = NIST
 |accessdate  = 14 December 2018
 |date        = 4 December 2017
 |url-status    = live
 |archivedate = 2018-12-14
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181214173112/https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/cryptographic-module-validation-program/Certificate/3072
 |url         = https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/cryptographic-module-validation-program/Certificate/3072
 |title       = Cryptographic Module Validation Program
))</ref>

=== MetroCluster ===
[[File:MetroCluster replication diagram.png|thumb|SyncMirror replication using plexes]]
MetroCluster (MC) is free functionality for FAS and AFF systems for metro high availability with synchronous replication between two sites, this configuration requires additional equipment. Available in both modes: 7-mode (old OS) and Cluster-Mode (or cDOT - a newer version of ONTAP OS). '''MetroCluster in Cluster-Mode known as MCC.''' MetroCluster uses RAID SyncMirror (RSM) and [[Write Anywhere File Layout#Plexes|plex technique]] where on one site number of disks form one or more RAID groups aggregated in a plex, while on the second site have the same number of disks with the same type and RAID configuration along with Configuration Replication Service (CRS) and [[Write Anywhere File Layout#Nonvolatile memory|NVLog]] replication. One plex synchronously replicates to another in a compound with [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|non-volatile memory]]. Two plexes form an [[ONTAP#Aggregates|aggregate]] where data stored and in case of disaster on one site second site provide read-write access to data. MetroCluster Support FlexArray technology. MetroCluster configurations are possible only with mid-range and high-end models which provide the ability to install additional network cards required to MC to function.

====MCC====
[[File:MetroCluster local and DR pare memory replication.png|thumb|MetroCluster local and DR pare memory replication in NetApp FAS/AFF systems configured as MCC]]
With MetroCluster it is possible to have one or more storage node per site to form a cluster or Clustered MetroCluster (MCC). Remote and local HA perter node must be the same model. MCC consists of two clusters each located on one of two sites. There may be only two sites. In MCC configuration each one remote and one local storage node form Metro HA or Disaster Recovery Pare (DR Pare) across two sites while two local nodes (if there is partner) form local HA pare, thus each node synchronously replicates data in [[Write Anywhere File Layout#nonvolatile memory|non-volatile memory]] two nodes: one remote and one local (if there is one). It is possible to utilize only one storage node on each site (two single node clusters) configured as MCC. 8 node MCC consists of two clusters - 4 nodes each (2 HA pair), each storage node have only one remote partner and only one local HA partner, in such a configuration each site clusters can consist out of two different storage node models. For small distances, MetroCluster requires at least one FC-VI or newer [[iWARP]] card per node. FAS and AFF systems with [[ONTAP]] software versions 9.2 and older utilize FC-VI cards and for long distances require 4 dedicated [[Fibre Channel]] switches (2 on each site) and 2 FC-SAS bridges per each disk shelf stack, thus minimum 4 total for 2 sites and minimum 2 dark fiber [[Cisco Inter-Switch Link|ISL]] links with optional [[DWDM]]s for long distances. Data volumes, LUNs and LIFs could online migrate across storage nodes in the cluster only within a single site where data originated from: it is not possible to migrate individual volumes, LUNs or LIFs using cluster capabilities across sites unless MetroCluster switchover operation is used which disable entire half of the cluster on a site and transparently to its clients and applications switch access to all of the data to another site.

====MCC-IP====
[[File:NetApp MCC-IP ADPv2.png|thumb|NetApp MetroCluster over IP with ADPv2 configuration]]
Starting with ONTAP 9.3 MetroCluster over IP (MCC-IP) was introduced with no need for a dedicated back-end [[Fibre Channel]] switches, FC-SAS bridges and dedicated dark fiber [[Cisco Inter-Switch Link|ISL]] which previously were needed for a MetroCluster configuration. Initially, only A700 & FAS9000 systems supported with MCC-IP. MCC-IP available only in 4-node configurations: 2-node Highly Available system on each site with two sites total. With ONTAP 9.4, MCC-IP supports A800 system and [[NetApp FAS#ADP|Advanced Drive Partitioning]] in form of Rood-Data-Data (RD2) partitioning, also known as ADPv2. ADPv2 supported only on all-flash systems. MCC-IP configurations support single disk shelf where SSD drives partitioned in ADPv2. MetroCluster over IP require [[Ethernet]] cluster switches with installed [[Cisco Inter-Switch Link|ISL]] and utilize [[iWARP]] cards in each storage controller for synchronous replication. Starting with ONTAP 9.5 MCC-IP supports distance up to 700&nbsp;km and starts to support [[ONTAP#SVM-DR|SVM-DR]] feature, AFF A300, and FAS8200 systems.

== Operating System ==
((Main|ONTAP))
NetApp storage systems using proprietary OS called [[ONTAP]] (Previously Data ONTAP). The main purpose for an Operating System in a storage system is to serve data to clients in non-disruptive manner with the data protocols those clients require, and to provide additional value through features like [[High Availability]], [[Disaster Recovery]] and data [[Backup]]. ONTAP OS provides enterprise level data management features like [[ONTAP#FlexClone|FlexClone]], [[ONTAP#SnapMirror|SnapMirror]], [[ONTAP#SnapLock|SnapLock]], MetroCluster etc., most of them snapshot-based [[Write Anywhere File Layout|WAFL]] File System capabilities.

=== WAFL ===
((Main|Write Anywhere File Layout))
WAFL, as a robust [[versioning filesystem]] in NetApp's proprietary OS [[ONTAP]], it provides [[snapshot (computer storage)|snapshot]]s, which allow end-users to see earlier versions of files in the file system. Snapshots appear in a hidden directory: <code>~snapshot</code> for Windows (SMB) or <code>.snapshot</code> for Unix (NFS). Up to 1024 snapshots can be made of any traditional or flexible volume. Snapshots are read-only, although ONTAP provides additional ability to make writable "virtual clones", based at "WAFL snapshots" technique, as "FlexClones".

ONTAP implements snapshots by tracking changes to disk-blocks between snapshot operations. It can set up snapshots in seconds because it only needs to take a copy of the root [[inode]] in the filesystem. This differs from the snapshots provided by some other storage vendors in which every block of storage has to be copied, which can take many hours.

===7MTT===
Each NetApp FAS system running [[ONTAP|Data ONTAP 8]] could switch between modes either 7-Mode or Cluster mode. In reality each mode was a separate OS with its own version of [[Write Anywhere File Layout|WAFL]], both 7-mode and Cluster mode where shipped on a single firmware image for a FAS system till 8.3 where 7-mode was deprecated. SnapLock migration from 7-Mode to ONTAP 9 now supported with Transition Tool. It is possible to switch between modes on a FAS system but all the data on disks must be destroyed first since WAFL is not compatible and server-based application called 7MTT tool was introduced to migrate data from old 7-mode FAS system to new Cluster-Mode: 
*With SnapMirror based replication called ''Copy-based transition'' which helped to migrate all the data with planned downtime using only storage vendor capabilities. Copy-based transition require new controllers and disks with space no less than on source system if all the data to be migrated. Both SAN and NAS data are possible.
*Starting with 7-mode 8.2.1 and Cluster-Mode 8.3.2 WAFL compatibility where introduced and new feature in 7MTT tool called ''Copy-free transition'' to replace old controllers running 7-mode with new controllers running Cluster-Mode and planned downtime, while new system require additional system disks with root [[ONTAP#Aggregates|aggregates]] for new controllers (it could be as less as 6 disks). Since with Copy-free transition no data copying required 7MTT tool helping only for new controllers reconfiguration.  Both SAN and NAS data conversion supported.

Additional to 7MTT there are two other paths to migrate data based on protocol type: 
*[[Storage area network|SAN]] data could be copied with foreign LUN import (FLI) functionality integrated in NetApp FAS system which can copy data over SAN protocol while new storage system running ONTAP placed as SAN proxy between hosts and old storage system which require host reconfiguration and minimum downtime. FLI available as for old 7-mode systems and for some models of storage systems of competitors. 
*NAS data could be copied with NetApp XCP free host-based utility thus host-based copy process processed with the utility from any copying data from source server with SMB or NFS protocols to [[ONTAP]] system with minimal downtime for client systems reconfiguration for new NAS server.

== Previous limitations ==
Before the release of ONTAP 8, individual [[ONTAP#Aggregates|aggregate]] sizes were limited to a maximum of 2TB for FAS250 models and 16TB for all other models.

The limitation on aggregate size, coupled with increasing density of disk drives, served to limit the performance of the overall system. NetApp, like most storage vendors, increases overall system performance by parallelizing disk writes to many different spindles (disk drives). Large capacity drives, therefore limit the number of spindles that can be added to a single aggregate, and therefore limit the aggregate performance.

Each aggregate also incurs a storage capacity overhead of approximately 7-11%, depending on the disk type. On systems with many aggregates, this can result in lost storage capacity.

However, the overhead comes about due to additional block-checksumming on the disk level as well as usual file system overhead, similar to the overhead in file systems like NTFS or EXT3. Block checksumming helps to ensure that data errors at the disk drive level do not result in data loss.

Data ONTAP 8.0 uses a new 64-bit aggregate format, which increases the size limit of FlexVolume to approximately 100TB (depending on storage platform) and also increases the size limit of aggregates to more than 100 TB on newer models (depending on storage platform) thus restoring the ability to configure large spindle counts to increase performance and storage efficiency.<ref>((cite web |url=https://community.netapp.com/fukiw75442/attachments/fukiw75442/fas-and-v-series-storage-systems-discussions/3050/1/TR-3786+-+Introduction+to+64+bit+aggrs.pdf |title=A Thorough Introduction to 64-Bit Aggregates|first=Uday |last=Boppana |date=March 2010 |id=TR-3786 |publisher=NetApp))</ref>

== Performance ==
AI Performance testings (image distortion disabled):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | AI
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Resnet-50
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Resnet-152
|- style="font-weight:bold;" 
|| 4 GPU
|| 8 GPU
|| 16 GPU
|| 32 GPU
|| 4 GPU
|| 8 GPU
|| 16 GPU
|| 32 GPU
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | NetApp A700 Nvidia
| 1131
| 2048
| 4870
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | NetApp A800 Nvidia
| 
| 6000
| 11200
| 22500
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | AI
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | AlexNet
|- style="font-weight:bold;" 
|| 4 GPU
|| 8 GPU
|| 16 GPU
|| 32 GPU
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | NetApp A700 Nvidia
| 4243
| 4929
| 
| 
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | NetApp A800 Nvidia
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

== Model history ==
This list may omit some models.  Information taken from [http://www.spec.org spec.org], [http://www.netapp.com/us/products/storage-systems netapp.com] and [http://www.storageperformance.org storageperformance.org]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model
! Status
! Released
! CPU
! Main system memory
! Nonvolatile memory
! Raw capacity
! Benchmark
! Result
|-
!FASServer 400||Discontinued
|1993 - 01||50&nbsp;MHz Intel i486||? MB  ||4 MB||14 GB||||?
|-
!FASServer 450||Discontinued
|1994 - 01||50&nbsp;MHz Intel i486||? MB  ||4 MB||14 GB||||?
|-
!FASServer 1300||Discontinued
|1994 - 01||50&nbsp;MHz Intel i486||? MB  ||4 MB||14 GB||||?
|-
!FASServer 1400||Discontinued
|1994 - 01||50&nbsp;MHz Intel i486||? MB  ||4 MB||14 GB||||?
|-
!FASServer||Discontinued
|1995 - 01||50&nbsp;MHz Intel i486||256 MB  ||4 MB||? GB||||640
|-
!F330||Discontinued
|1995 - 09||90&nbsp;MHz Intel Pentium||256 MB||8 MB||117 GB||||1310
|-
!F220||Discontinued
|1996 - 02||75&nbsp;MHz Intel Pentium||256 MB||8 MB||? GB||||754
|-
!F540||Discontinued
|1996 - 06||275&nbsp;MHz DEC [[Alpha 21064A]]||256 MB||8 MB||? GB||||2230
|-
!F210||Discontinued
|1997 - 05||75&nbsp;MHz Intel Pentium||256 MB||8 MB||? GB||||1113
|-
!F230||Discontinued
|1997 - 05||90&nbsp;MHz Intel Pentium||256 MB||8 MB||? GB||||1610
|-
!F520||Discontinued
|1997 - 05||275&nbsp;MHz DEC Alpha 21064A||256 MB||8 MB||? GB||||2361
|-
!F630||Discontinued
|1997 - 06||500&nbsp;MHz DEC Alpha 21164A||512 MB||32 MB||464 GB||||4328
|-
!F720||Discontinued
|1998 - 08||400&nbsp;MHz DEC Alpha 21164A||256 MB||8 MB||464 GB||||2691
|-
!F740||Discontinued
|1998 - 08||400&nbsp;MHz DEC Alpha 21164A||512 MB||32 MB||928 GB||||5095
|-
!F760||Discontinued
|1998 - 08||600&nbsp;MHz DEC Alpha 21164A||1 GB||32 MB||1.39 TB||||7750
|-
!F85||Discontinued
|2001 - 02|| ||256 MB||64 MB||648 GB||||
|-
!F87||Discontinued
|2001 - 12||1.13&nbsp;GHz Intel P3||256 MB||64 MB||576 GB||||
|-
!F810||Discontinued
|2001 - 12||733&nbsp;MHz Intel P3 Coppermine||512 MB||128 MB||1.5 TB||||4967
|-
!F820||Discontinued
|2000 - 12||733&nbsp;MHz Intel P3 Coppermine||1 GB||128 MB||3 TB||||8350
|-
!F825||Discontinued
|2002 - 08||733&nbsp;MHz Intel P3 Coppermine||1 GB||128 MB||3 TB||||8062
|-
!F840||Discontinued
|2000 - Aug/Dec? ||733&nbsp;MHz Intel P3 Coppermine||3 GB||128 MB||6 TB||||11873
|-
!F880||Discontinued
|2001 - 07||Dual 733&nbsp;MHz Intel P3 Coppermine||3 GB||128 MB||9 TB||||17531
|-
!FAS920||Discontinued
|2004 - 05||2.0&nbsp;GHz Intel P4 Xeon||2 GB||256 MB||7 TB||||13460
|-
!FAS940||Discontinued
|2002 - 08||1.8&nbsp;GHz Intel P4 Xeon||3 GB||256 MB||14 TB||||17419
|-
!FAS960||Discontinued
|2002 - 08||Dual 2.2&nbsp;GHz Intel P4 Xeon||6 GB||256 MB||28 TB||||25135
|-
!FAS980||Discontinued
|2004 - 01||Dual 2.8&nbsp;GHz Intel P4 Xeon MP 2 MB L3||8 GB||512 MB||50 TB||||36036
|-
!FAS250||EOA 11/08
|2004 - 01||600&nbsp;MHz Broadcom BCM1250 dual core MIPS||512 MB||64 MB||4 TB||||
|-
!FAS270||EOA 11/08
|2004 - 01||650&nbsp;MHz Broadcom BCM1250 dual core MIPS||1 GB||128 MB||16 TB||||13620*
|-
!FAS2020||EOA 8/12
|2007 - 06||2.2&nbsp;GHz Mobile Celeron|||1 GB||128 MB||68 TB||||
|-
!FAS2040||EOA 8/12
|2009 - 09||1.66&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon||4 GB||512 MB||136 TB||||
|-
!FAS2050||EOA 5/11
|2007 - 06||2.2&nbsp;GHz Mobile Celeron||2 GB||256 MB||104 TB||||20027*
|-
!FAS2220||EOA 3/15
|2012 - 06||1.73&nbsp;GHz Dual Core Intel Atom C3528||6 GB||768 MB||180 TB||||
|-
!FAS2240||EOA 3/15
|2011 - 11||1.73&nbsp;GHz Dual Core Intel Atom C3528||6 GB||768 MB ||432 TB||||38000
|-
!FAS2520||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 06||1.73&nbsp;GHz Dual Core Intel Atom C3528||36 GB||4 GB||840 TB||||
|-
!FAS2552||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 06||1.73&nbsp;GHz Dual Core Intel Atom C3528||36 GB||4 GB||1243 TB||||
|-
!FAS2554||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 06||1.73&nbsp;GHz Dual Core Intel Atom C3528||36 GB||4 GB||1440 TB||||
|-
!FAS2620||
|2016 - 11||1 x 6-core Intel Xeon D-1528 @ 1.90&nbsp;GHz ||64 GB (per HA)||8 GB||1440 TB||||
|-
!FAS2650||
|2016 - 11||1 x 6-core Intel Xeon D-1528 @ 1.90&nbsp;GHz ||64 GB (per HA)||8 GB||1243 TB||||
|-
!FAS2720
!
|2018 - 05
|1 x 12 core 1.50&nbsp;GHz Xeon D-1557 
|64 GB  (per HA)
|8 GB
|
|
|
|-
!FAS2750
!
|2018 - 05
|1 x 12 core 1.50&nbsp;GHz Xeon D-1557 
|64 GB (per HA)
|8 GB
|
|
|
|-
!FAS3020||EOA 4/09
|2005 - 05||2.8&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon||2 GB||512 MB||84 TB||||34089*
|-
!FAS3040||EOA 4/09
|2007 - 02||Dual 2.4&nbsp;GHz AMD Opteron 250 ||4 GB||512 MB||336 TB||||60038*
|-
!FAS3050||Discontinued
|2005 - 05||Dual 2.8&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon||4 GB||512 MB||168 TB||||47927*
|-
!FAS3070||EOA 4/09
|2006 - 11||Dual 1.8&nbsp;GHz AMD dual core Opteron||8 GB||512 MB||504 TB||||85615*
|-
!FAS3140||EOA 2/12
|2008 - 06||Single 2.4&nbsp;GHz AMD Opteron Dual Core 2216||4 GB||512 MB||420 TB||SFS2008||40109*
|-
!FAS3160||EOA 2/12
|||Dual 2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD Opteron Dual Core 2218||8 GB||2 GB||672 TB||SFS2008||60409*
|-
!FAS3170||EOA 2/12
|2008 - 06||Dual 2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD Opteron Dual Core 2218||16 GB||2 GB||840 TB||SFS97_R1||137306*
|-
!FAS3210||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||Single 2.3&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor (E5220)||8 GB||2 GB||480 TB||SFS2008||64292
|-
!FAS3220||EOA 12/14
|2012 - 11||Single 2.3&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Quad Processor (L5410)||12 GB||3.2GB||1.44 PB||??||??
|-
!FAS3240||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||Dual 2.33&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Quad Processor (L5410)||16 GB||2 GB||1.20 PB||??||??
|-
!FAS3250||EOA 12/14
||2012 - 11||Dual 2.33&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Quad Processor (L5410)||40 GB||4 GB||2.16 PB||SFS2008||100922
|-
!FAS3270||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||Dual 3.0&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor (E5240)||40 GB||4 GB||1.92 PB||SFS2008||101183
|-
!FAS6030||EOA 6/09
|2006 - 03||Dual 2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD Opteron||32 GB||512 MB||840 TB||SFS97_R1||100295*
|-
!FAS6040||EOA 3/12
|2007 - 12||2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD dual core Opteron||16 GB||512 MB||840 TB||||
|-
!FAS6070||EOA 6/09
|2006 - 03||Quad 2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD  Opteron||64 GB||2 GB||1.008 PB||||136048*
|-
!FAS6080||EOA 3/12
|2007 - 12||2 x 2.6&nbsp;GHz AMD dual core Opteron 280||64 GB||4 GB||1.176 PB||SFS2008||120011*
|-
!FAS6210||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||2 x 2.27&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor E5520||48 GB||8 GB||2.40 PB|||||
|-
!FAS6220||EOA 3/15
|2013 - 02||2 x 64-bit 4-core Intel Xeon(tm) Processor E5520||96 GB||8 GB||4.80 PB|||||
|-
!FAS6240||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||2 x 2.53&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor E5540||96 GB||8 GB||2.88 PB||SFS2008||190675
|-
!FAS6250||EOA 3/15
|2013 - 02||2 x 64-bit 4-core||144 GB||8 GB||5.76 PB|||||
|-
!FAS6280||EOA 11/13
|2010 - 11||2 x 2.93&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor X5670||192 GB||8 GB||2.88 PB|||||
|-
!FAS6290||EOA 3/15
|2013 - 02||2 x 2.93&nbsp;GHz Intel Xeon(tm) Processor X5670||192 GB||8 GB||5.76 PB|||||
|-
!FAS8020||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 03||1 x Intel Xeon CPU E5-2620 @ 2.00&nbsp;GHz||48 GB||8 GB||1.92 PB||SFS2008||110281
|-
!FAS8040||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 03||1 x 64-bit 8-core 2.10&nbsp;GHz E5-2658||64 GB||16 GB||2.88 PB|||||
|-
!FAS8060||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 03||2 x 64-bit 8-core 2.10&nbsp;GHz E5-2658||128 GB||16 GB||4.80 PB|||||
|-
!FAS8080EX||EOA 12/17
|2014 - 06||2 x 64-bit 10-core 2.80&nbsp;GHz E5-2680 v2||256 GB||32 GB||8.64 PB|||SPC-1 IOPS||685,281.71*
|-
!FAS8200
!
|2016 - 11
|1 x 16 core 1.70&nbsp;GHz D-1587
|128 GB
|16 GB
|4.80 PB
!'''[http://spec.org/sfs2014/results/res2017q3/sfs2014-20170908-00021.html SPEC SFS2014_swbuild]'''
!'''4130 Mbit/s / 260 020 IOPS @2.7ms (ORT = 1.04 ms)'''
|-
!FAS9000
!
|2016 - 11
|2 x 18-core 2.30&nbsp;GHz E5-2697 v4
|512 GB
|64 GB
|14.4 PB
!
!
|-
!AFF8040
!EOA 10/17
|2014 - 03
|1 x 64-bit 8-core 2.10&nbsp;GHz E5-2658
|64 GB
|16 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF8060
!EOA 11/16
|2014 - 03
|2 x 64-bit 8-core 2.10&nbsp;GHz E5-2658
|128 GB
|16 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF8080
!EOA 10/17
|2014 - 06
|2 x 64-bit 10-core 2.80&nbsp;GHz E5-2680 v2
|256 GB
|32 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A200
!
|2017
|1 x 6-core Intel Xeon D-1528 @ 1.90&nbsp;GHz
|64 GB
|16 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A220
!
|2018 - 05
|1 x 12 core 1.50&nbsp;GHz Xeon D-1557
|64 GB
|16 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A300
!
|2016
|1 x 16-core Intel Xeon D-1587 @ 1.70&nbsp;GHz
|128 GB
|16 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A400
!
|2019
|2 x 10-core Intel Xeon Silver 4210 2.2&nbsp;GHz
|144 GB
|
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A700
!
|2016
|2 x 18-core 2.30&nbsp;GHz E5-2697 v4
|512 GB
|64 GB
|
!
!
|-
!AFF A700s
!
|2017
|2 x 18-core 2.30&nbsp;GHz E5-2697 v4
|512 GB
|32 GB
|
![http://www.storageperformance.org/results/benchmark_results_spc1/spc1_v1_results_netapp/spc1_v1_results_netapp_a02002/A02002_FDR.pdf '''SPC-1''']
!'''2 400 059 IOPS @0.69ms'''
|-
!AFF A800
!
|2018 - 05
|2 x 24-core 2.10&nbsp;GHz 8160 Skylake
|640 GB
|32 GB
|
![http://spcresults.org/sites/default/files/files/full_disclosure_report/A32007_FDR.pdf '''SPC-1 v3.6'''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172605/http://spcresults.org/sites/default/files/files/full_disclosure_report/A32007_FDR.pdf |date=2018-07-07 )) [https://www.spec.org/sfs2014/results/res2018q4/ '''SPEC SFS2014 swbuild (3)'''] [https://spec.org/sfs2014/results/res2019q1/sfs2014-20190125-00061.html '''SPEC SFS®2014_swbuild Result''']
!'''2 401 171 IOPS @0.59ms with FC protocol'''; '''2200 builds @ 0.73ms with 14227 MBytes/sec on 4-node cluster & FlexGroup'''; '''4200 builds @ 0.78ms with 27165 MBytes/sec on 8-node cluster & FlexGroup'''; '''6200 builds @ 2.829ms with 40117 MBytes/sec on NetApp 12-node AFF A800 with FlexGroup'''
|-
! Model
! Status
! Released
! CPU
! Main system memory
! Nonvolatile memory
! Raw capacity
! Benchmark
! Result
|}

'''EOA''' = End of Availability

SPECsfs with "*" is clustered result. SPECsfs performed include SPECsfs93, SPECsfs97, SPECsfs97_R1 and SPECsfs2008. Results of different benchmark versions are not comparable.

== See also ==
* [[Network attached storage]]
* [[NetApp]]
* [[ONTAP]] Operation System, used in NetApp storage systems
* [[Write Anywhere File Layout]] (WAFL), used in NetApp storage systems

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101012205557/http://www.netapp.com/us/library/technical-reports/tr-3618.html SnapLock Technical Report]
((NetApp|state=autocollapse))
((DEFAULTSORT:Netapp FAS))
[[Category:Server appliance]]
[[Category:Network-attached storage]]

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