New York Herald
Cover of New York Herald on June 20, 1861, covering news of the American Civil War
TypeDaily newspaper
FormatBroadsheet
PublisherJames Gordon Bennett, Sr.
James Gordon Bennett, Jr.
Founded1835; 189 years ago (1835)
Ceased publication1924
HeadquartersManhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Circulation84,000 (1861)
New York Herald Building (1908) by architect Stanford White. It was demolished in 1921
François Flameng (1856-1923), A winter evening in a crowded Herald Square at the New York Herald Building, oil on board 62.4 x 52.4 cm, signed l.r. and dated 1909. Provenance: Simonis & Buunk Fine Art, The Netherlands.

The New York Herald was a large-distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between 1835 and 1924. At that point it was acquired by its smaller rival the New-York Tribune to form the New York Herald Tribune.

History

The New York Herald, December 8, 1862

The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett Sr., on May 6, 1835.[1] The Herald distinguished itself from the partisan papers of the day by the policy that it published in its first issue: "We shall support no party—be the agent of no faction or coterie, and we care nothing for any election, or any candidate from president down to constable," although it was typically considered sympathetic to the Jacksonian Democratic Party and later, President John Tyler. Bennett pioneered the "extra" edition during the Herald's sensational coverage of the Robinson–Jewett murder case.[2]

By 1845 it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the United States.[1] In 1861 it circulated 84,000 copies and called itself "the most largely circulated journal in the world."[3] Bennett stated that the function of a newspaper "is not to instruct but to startle and amuse."[4][5] His politics tended to be anti-Catholic and he had tended to favor the "Know Nothing" faction, but he was not so anti-immigrant as the Know-Nothing Native American Party.[citation needed] During the American Civil War, Bennett's policy, as expressed by the newspaper, was to staunchly support the Democratic Party.[clarification needed] Frederic Hudson served as managing editor of the paper from 1846 to 1866. During the mid-19th century, the New York Herald adopted a proslavery stance, with Bennett arguing that the Compromise of 1850 would lead to "but little anxiety entertained in relation to the question of slavery, the public mind will be so fatigued that it will be disinclined to think of the matter any further."[6]

In April 1867 Bennett turned over control of the paper to his son James Gordon Bennett Jr.[7] Under James Jr., the paper financed Henry Morton Stanley's expeditions into Africa to find explorer David Livingstone, where they met on November 10, 1871.[8] The paper also supported Stanley's trans-Africa exploration. In 1879 it supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. De Long to the Arctic region.

In 1874 the Herald ran the New York Zoo hoax,[9][10] in which the front page of the newspaper was devoted entirely to a fabricated story of wild animals getting loose at the Central Park Zoo and attacking numerous people.

On October 4, 1887, Bennett Jr. sent Julius Chambers to Paris, France, to launch its European Edition. Later he moved to Paris himself, but the New York Herald suffered from his attempt to manage its operation in New York by telegram. In 1916 a Saturday issue of the paper reported that a major financier was found dead from poisoning; it added that in 1901 he was "mysteriously poisoned and narrowly escaped death."[11]

After Bennett Jr. died in 1918, Frank Munsey acquired control of the New York Herald (including its European Edition).[12] In 1924 Munsey sold the paper to the family of Ogden Reid, owners of the New-York Tribune, creating the New York Herald Tribune (and the International Herald Tribune with a divergent future).

When the Herald was still under the authority of its original publisher Bennett Sr., it was considered to be the most intrusive and sensationalist of the leading New York papers.[citation needed] Its ability to entertain the public with timely daily news made it the leading circulation paper of its period.

European edition

A plaque on a building on Avenue de l'Opéra in Paris commemorates where Bennett Jr. founded the European Edition of the New York Herald and notes that it eventually became the International Herald Tribune

During the time of original publisher Bennett, the New York Herald was perhaps the best-known American paper in Europe.[13] Its first issue came out on October 4, 1887.[14] The official name of the paper on its front page masthead was The New York Herald European Edition—Paris.[15] But it became widely known as simply the Paris Herald.[16]

Publisher Bennett Jr. referred to the paper as a "village publication" for the circle of people in Paris who were interested in international news.[17] Indeed, during its first decades of publication, a feature of the paper was a list of every American known to be in Paris at the time, culled from inspections of hotel registries.[14] Even as the paper's audience grew, most of its readers were in France or countries near France.[17]

The European edition consistently lost money into the 1910s.[14] As the time of Paris in World War I began, Bennett Jr. kept the paper running, even during the First Battle of the Marne when some French papers shut down.[14] When the American Expeditionary Forces began arriving in France in 1917, demand for the Paris Herald soared, with eventually some 350,000 copies being printed each day and the edition finally becoming profitable.[14]

The European edition subsequently became a mainstay of American expatriate culture in Europe. In Ernest Hemingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926), the first thing the novel's protagonist Jake Barnes does on returning from Spain to France is buy the New York Herald from a kiosk in Bayonne in the Basses-Pyrénées department and read it at a café.[18]

Evening Telegram

The New York Evening Telegram was founded in 1867 by the junior Bennett, and was considered by many to be an evening edition of the Herald. Frank Munsey acquired the Telegram in 1920 and ended its connection to the Herald.[19]

Commemorated

Minerva, the Bellringers, and Owls by Antonin Carles

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Crouthamel, James (1989). Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press. Syracuse University Press.
  2. ^ Cohen, Daniel (2000). Yellow Journalism. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0761315020.
  3. ^ Sandburg, Carl (1942). Storm Over the Land. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 87.
  4. ^ Katherine Roeder (March 25, 2014). Wide Awake in Slumberland: Fantasy, Mass Culture, and Modernism in the Art of Winsor McCay. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-62674-117-1.
  5. ^ New Outlook. Outlook Publishing Company, Incorporated. 1892. pp. 489–.
  6. ^ Greene, Bryan (October 6, 2020). "When Opera Star Jenny Lind Came to America, She Witnessed a Nation Torn Apart Over Slavery". Smithsonian. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  7. ^ Harris, Gale (November 21, 1995). "Bennett Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. p. 7. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  8. ^ Carey, John (March 18, 2007). "A good man in Africa ?". The Sunday Times. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  9. ^ Robert E. Bartholomew; Benjamin Radford (October 19, 2011). The Martians Have Landed!: A History of Media-Driven Panics and Hoaxes. McFarland. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-7864-8671-7.
  10. ^ Connery, T. B. (June 3, 1893). A Famous Newspaper Hoax, Harper's Weekly, p. 534
  11. ^ "Jacques S. Halle dies". The Sun. New York. December 2, 1916. p. 5.
  12. ^ "International New York Times (newspaper)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  13. ^ Crouthamel, James L. (1989). Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press. Syracuse University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9780815624615.
  14. ^ a b c d e Richard Reeves, "The Paris Tribune at One Hundred", American Heritage Magazine, November 1987. Volume 38, Issue 7.
  15. ^ "International Herald Tribune Historical Archive 1887–2013" (PDF). Gale Cengage. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  16. ^ Kluger 1986, pp. 790 and passim.
  17. ^ a b Huebner, Lee W. (Winter 1993–1994). "The Revolution in Global Communications". The Brown Journal of Foreign Affairs. 1 (1): 189–195. JSTOR 24589648.
  18. ^ "End of an era as venerable 'Herald Tribune' to be reborn as 'International New York Times'". Irish Times. October 12, 2013.
  19. ^ "The Telegram Sold to Scripps-Howard". The New York Times. February 12, 1927.
  20. ^ Eve Zibart (2010). The Unofficial Guide to New York City. p. 1678. ISBN 978-0470637234.

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