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((short description|American railroad and tramway (1832-1935)))
((Use mdy dates|date=June 2017))
((infobox rail|
|railroad_name=New York and Harlem Railroad
|system_map=((maplink-road|from=New York and Harlem Railroad.map))
|map_caption=New York and Harlem Railroad (red) and [[New York Central system]] (orange) as of 1918
|locale=[[New York (state)|New York]]
|hq_city=
|start_year=1832–1873 (main line)<br>1832–1896 and 1920
|end_year=1935 (streetcars)<!--acquired by NY Railways in 1932, but continued to operate separately?-->
|gauge= ((Track gauge|ussg|allk=on))
|predecessor_line  = 
|successor_line    = [[New York Central Railroad]] (north of 42nd Street)<br>[[New York City Railway]] (south of 42nd Street)
))
The '''New York and Harlem Railroad''' (now the [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[Harlem Line]]) was one of the [[first railroads in the United States]], and was the world's first [[street railway]].<ref>((Cite web|title = mta.info ((!)) Facts and Figures|url = http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhph1.htm|website = web.mta.info|access-date = January 22, 2016))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title = First Street Car - The John Mason - Wonders and Curiosities of the Railway (1884)|url = http://todayinsci.com/Events/Transport/StreetCarJohnMason.htm|website = todayinsci.com|access-date = January 22, 2016))</ref> Designed by [[John Stephenson (coachbuilder)|John Stephenson]], it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between [[Lower Manhattan]] Island to and beyond [[Harlem]].  Horses initially pulled railway carriages,  followed by a conversion to steam engines, then on to battery-powered Julien electric traction cars.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qQwAAAAAMAAJ&dq=julien+electric+traction+car+harlem&pg=PA259 Julien Electric Traction Car] The Electricall Review, via Google Books</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US384447 US patent 384447]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US384580 US patent 384580]</ref> In 1907, the then leaseholders of the line, [[New York City Railway]], a streetcar operator,  went into receivership. Following a further receivership in 1932, the [[New York Railways Corporation]] [[bustitution|converted the line to bus operation]].  The [[Murray Hill Tunnel]] now carries a [[lane]] of road traffic, but not the buses.

The line became part of the [[New York Central Railroad]] system with [[trackage rights]] granted to the [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]] into Manhattan. It is now part of the [[Metro-North Railroad]] system, and the only [[Manhattan]] trackage of that system. As of 2017, Metro-North operates commuter passenger service from Grand Central Terminal, via Southeast (change from electric to diesel power), to Wassaic. The trackless right-of-way from Wassaic to Chatham is being converted to the Harlem Valley Rail Trail.

== History ==
The New York and Harlem Railroad was first built from the original [[Grand Central Terminal]] on 23rd Street in [[New York City]] to suburban [[Harlem]]. Opposition to the charter was voiced by [[steamboat]] proprietors, whose service was successfully competed against by the new railroad; to avoid steamboat competition on the Hudson River, the tracks were laid on the east side of Manhattan Island, away from the Hudson. The railroad was extended an additional ((convert|125|mi|km)) northward, reaching [[Chatham, New York]] in 1852.<ref name=southeastmuseum>((cite web|url=http://www.southeastmuseum.org/html/history.html|title=History of the Railroad|publisher=www.southeastmuseum.org|access-date=August 10, 2008))</ref><ref name=history>((cite web|url=http://www.hvrt.org/history_00.html|title=Railroad and Local history|publisher=www.hvrt.org<!-- |access-date=www.southeastmuseum.org -->|access-date=August 10, 2008))</ref> When the railroad was extended further, it provided a rail route for people and commerce northward to [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Boston]], and towns in [[Vermont]] and [[Canada]].<ref name=history/> The completion of the Harlem Valley Railroad also resulted in the availability of products transported by rail directly to New York City, rather than depending on river transport via [[Poughkeepsie]].<ref name=history/>

In 1831, when the New York and Harlem Railroad received its [[charter]], it was an early commuter railroad connecting Harlem with [[lower Manhattan]] (New York City).<ref name=history/><ref name=southeastmuseum/><ref name=brewster>((cite web|url=http://www.southeastmuseum.org/html/railroad.html|title=Brewster Railroad History|publisher=www.southeastmuseum.org|access-date=August 10, 2008))</ref>  Early in the 1840s, the Harlem Valley Railroad was extended northward into [[Westchester County]], and then was authorized by the New York State Legislature to be further extended northward in order to create a connection with Albany. <ref name=history/> On May 12, 1846, a new competitor received its charter to build a railroad alongside the Hudson River between New York City's lower Manhattan west side and Albany, backed mostly by wealthy Poughkeepsie manufacturers and merchants. (It was completed to Albany on October 3, 1851, after a great amount of costly blasting, filling and tunneling the craggy eastern shore of the Hudson River.) The Harlem Valley's directors started to worry that Boston would have a competitive advantage over New York City for the expanding "western trade."<ref name=history/> An easier and less-costly inland route, also to be named "Harlem Valley", was thus created.

===Construction===
((refimprove section|date=February 2013))
[[File:1847 Lower Manhattan map.jpg|thumb|An 1847 map of [[Lower Manhattan]]; the only railroad in Manhattan at that time was the New York and Harlem Railroad]]

The company was incorporated on April 25, 1831 as the New York and Harlem Railroad, to link [[New York City]] with suburban [[Harlem]].<ref>((cite book|author=David T. Valentine|url=https://archive.org/details/acompilationexi00coungoog|title=A Compilation of the Existing Ferry Leases and Railroad Grants Made by the Corporation of the City of New York, 1866|publisher=Edmund Jones & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acompilationexi00coungoog/page/n347 345]–346|quote=specifically, the "power to construct a single or double railroad or way from any point on the north bounds of Twenty-third street to any point on the Harlem river...to transport, take, and carry property and persons upon the same by the power and force of steam, of animals, or of any mechanical or other power, or any combination of them..."|year=1866))</ref> Among the company's founders was [[John Mason (businessman)|John Mason]], a wealthy banker and president of [[Chemical Bank]] who was among the largest landowners in New York City.  They decided to build their railroad on the eastern side of Manhattan Island, convinced that it would never be able to compete with steamboat traffic on the Hudson River.

The first section, along [[Bowery]] from [[Prince Street (Manhattan)|Prince Street]] north to [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]], opened on November 26, 1832.<ref name="Ref1">[http://www.brooklynrail.net/images/historic_maps/Tunnel_NYC_Area_Railroad_Map_1860.jpg New York and Vicinity Railroad Map from 1860 (BrooklynRail.net)]</ref> After that, the following sections opened:
*June 10, 1833 – north along [[Park Avenue|Fourth Avenue]] to [[32nd Street (Manhattan)|32nd Street]]
*May 9, 1834 – north along [[Park Avenue|Fourth Avenue]] to [[Yorkville (Manhattan)|Yorkville]], including the [[Murray Hill Tunnel]]
*October 26, 1837 – north along [[Park Avenue|Fourth Avenue]] to [[Harlem (Manhattan)|Harlem]], including the [[Yorkville Tunnel]]
*May 4, 1839 – south along [[Bowery]], [[Broome Street (Manhattan)|Broome Street]] and [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]] to [[City Hall (Manhattan)|City Hall]] at Centre Street and [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]]<ref name="Ref1" />
*September 3, 1842 – north to [[Williams Bridge (Metro-North station)|Williamsbridge]]
*December 1, 1844 – north to [[White Plains (Metro-North station)|White Plains]]<ref>((cite book |title=The Coming of the New York and Harlem Railroad |publisher=Self-Published |author=Grogan, Louis V. |year=1989 |pages=14 |isbn=0-9621206-5-0))</ref>
*June 1, 1847 – north to [[Croton Falls (Metro-North station)|Croton Falls]]
*December 31, 1848 – north to [[Dover Plains (Metro-North station)|Dover Plains]]<ref>((cite book |title=The Coming of the New York and Harlem Railroad |publisher=Self-Published |author=Grogan, Louis V. |year=1989 |pages=15 |isbn=0-9621206-5-0))</ref>
*January 19, 1852 – north to [[Chatham (NYCRR station)|Chatham Four Corners]] with a connection to the [[Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad]], and [[trackage rights]] northwest to [[Albany (NY)|Albany]].
*November 26, 1852 – south along [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]] to [[Astor House]] at Park Row and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]<ref name="Ref1" />
*A freight branch was built to [[Port Morris, Bronx|Port Morris]], following the 1853 purchase of the [[Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad]]<ref>[http://nycshs.org/2008/10/15/the-harlem-division/ The Harlem Division: New York Central System Historical Society]</ref> and abandoned late in the 20th century.  Parts are still visible.<ref>[http://ltvsquad.com/Blog/?p=96 Port Morris Branch]</ref>

Between 1847 and 1856, a track was built in [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] between [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]] and [[Bowery]] (along with one block on the Bowery) for northbound trains.<ref>((cite news |title=Railroad Is King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1856/09/24/archives/newyork-city-newyork-city-new-alteration-target-excursions-cholera.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 24, 1856 |page=2 |access-date=September 3, 2011))</ref> Southbound trains continued to use the old route.

In 1864 or 1865, a branch was added for trains between downtown and the [[East 34th Street Ferry Landing]], running along [[32nd Street (Manhattan)|32nd Street]], [[Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)|Lexington Avenue]] and [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]]. This was the start of separate [[horse car]] service, running between Astor House and the ferry.

[[Grand Central Depot]] opened just north of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] in October,  1871, and intercity passenger trains from the north were ended there. Freight trains continued to operate along the tracks south of Grand Central, as did streetcars (still turning off at 42nd Street).

===Operation and control===
[[File:Railroad tresle work, between 100th & 116th Streets on 4th Avenue, New York, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|thumb|Railroad trestle work, between 100th & 116th Streets on 4th Avenue, New York, ((circa|1870))]]
[[Image:New York and Harlem RR 1917.jpg|thumb|Gold Bond of the New York and Harlem Railroad, issued 19 April 1917]]
As in other [[History of rail transport in the United States#Beginnings|early railroads]], the dominant propulsion in the railroad's early years was horse power. In 1837, [[steam engine]]s were introduced, but their use was limited to areas outside of the heavily settled parts of the city, which was then north of [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]].<ref name="John Fink 1995 p. 977">John Fink, "Railroads", in ((cite enc-nyc|page=977)).</ref>

The New York City [[New York City Council|Common Council]] passed an ordinance on December 27, 1854, to take effect in 18 months, barring the NY&H from using steam power south of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]], due to [[NIMBY|complaints by persons whose property abutted the right-of-way]]. Before that, the steam locomotives had run to [[32nd Street (Manhattan)|32nd Street]]. When the ordinance took effect, the NY&H had not done anything. After much debate, including an [[injunction]] issued preventing the city from enforcing the ordinance, the courts struck down the injunction on July 30, 1858.<ref>((cite news |title=Steam Below Forty-Second Street |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E6DE1639E733A25751C0A9619C946792D7CF |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 2, 1856 |page=8 |access-date=September 3, 2011))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=The Harlem Railroad Company vs. The City and Police Commissioners |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04E4D71331EE34BC4950DFB1668383649FDE |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 31, 1858 |page=4 |access-date=July 9, 2011))</ref>

In 1864, the railroad was purchased by [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], who consolidated it five years later with the [[Hudson River Railroad]] to form the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad:  a precursor of the much larger [[New York Central Railroad]].<ref name="John Fink 1995 p. 977"/>

On July 2, 1870, [[horsecar]]s started to run not only to the 34th Street Ferry but to [[73rd Street (Manhattan)|73rd Street]] via [[Madison Avenue (Manhattan)|Madison Avenue]]. These trains ran through the [[Murray Hill Tunnel]] and turned west on 42nd before going north on Madison (northbound cars used [[Vanderbilt Avenue (Manhattan)|Vanderbilt Avenue]] to [[44th Street (Manhattan)|44th Street]]).<ref>((cite news |title=Madison Avenue Railway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1870/07/03/archives/madison-avenue-railway-opening-of-the-road-yesterdaya-pleasant.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 3, 1870 |page=5 |access-date=July 9, 2011))</ref> The line was soon extended to [[86th Street (Manhattan)|86th Street]] and then to [[Harlem (Manhattan)|Harlem]].

On April 1, 1873, the NY&H leased its freight lines to the [[New York Central and Hudson River Railroad]], but the horsecar line south of Grand Central remained separate. This eventually became the [[New York Central Railroad]] and then part of [[Penn Central]] and [[Conrail]]. [[Metro-North Railroad]] took over the line in 1983.

The first electric [[Tram|streetcar]] open to passengers in [[New York City]], a [[Julien electric traction car]], was run on September 17, 1888 on the line to [[86th Street (Manhattan)|86th Street]].<ref>((cite news |title=New-York's First Electric Car |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E6DB1F38E033A2575BC1A96F9C94699FD7CF |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 18, 1888 |page=8 |access-date=July 9, 2011))</ref> The line went back to using horses for a time, but switched to a "below-grade [[third rail]]" (commonly called a "[[Conduit current collection|conduit]]") in 1897. On July 1, 1896, the [[Metropolitan Street Railway]] leased the streetcar lines.

===Receivership and conversion to bus operation===
[[File:Pt Morris Branch St Anns Av jeh.JPG|thumb|Abandoned [[Port Morris Branch]].]]
The [[New York City Railway]], which leased the Metropolitan, and hence also these lines, went into [[receivership]] on September 24, 1907.<ref name="franchises">((cite web |author=Carman, Harry James |url=https://archive.org/details/streetsurfacera01carmgoog |title=The Street Surface Railway Franchises of New York City |year=1919 |publisher=Columbia University (Ph.D. thesis) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/streetsurfacera01carmgoog/page/n206 204]–220))</ref><ref name="ASRI1908">((cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j47IQgaWJM4C |title=American Street Railway Investments |publisher=Electric Railway Journal; McGraw Publishing Company |volume=15 |location=New York |year=1908 |pages=237–244))</ref> The receivers returned operation of the Fourth Avenue line back to the [[Metropolitan Street Railway]] on July 31, 1908. The lease was terminated on January 31, 1920, with operation returned to the NY&H.

On October 10, 1932, it was leased again, this time to the [[New York Railways Corporation]], with the right to [[bustitution|convert the line to bus operation]]. The stockholders voted to do this on February 19, 1934.

An approximation of the route is now traveled by [[NYCT Bus]]'s [[M1 (New York City bus)|M1 bus]]. The [[Murray Hill Tunnel]] now carries a lane of roadway, but not the buses.

== See also ==
((Portal|Railways))
* [[Harlem Line]]

==References==

((refbegin))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151104155926/http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp Railroad History Database]
*General News, [[New York Times]] December 15, 1863 page 4
*[[wikisource:Our City Railroads|Our City Railroads]], [[New York Times]] December 26, 1865 page 8
*Local News in Brief, [[New York Times]] November 1, 1871 page 8
*Quicker Surface Transit, [[New York Times]] December 6, 1896 page 16
*New York & Harlem Intact for Century, [[New York Times]] May 25, 1930 page 39
((refend))

==External links==
* [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/july/harlem-railway-affair.htm 1863 Harlem Railway Speculation Affair]

((NYCRR))
((NYC streetcar transit))
((NYC surface transit))

((DEFAULTSORT:New York Harlem Railroad))


==References==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Defunct New York (state) railroads]]
[[Category:Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad]]
[[Category:Rail transportation in New York City]]
[[Category:Streetcar lines in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Railroads transferred to Conrail]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1831]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:Railroads controlled by the Vanderbilt family]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1831]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of the New York Central Railroad]]

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