New Zealand Security Intelligence Service
Te Pā Whakamarumaru
Agency overview
Formed1956[1]
HeadquartersPipitea House, 1–15 Pipitea Street, Wellington, New Zealand
41°16′37″S 174°46′46″E / 41.276823°S 174.779439°E / -41.276823; 174.779439
Employees300
Annual budgetTotal budget for 2021/22[2]
Vote Security Intelligence
Increase$107,825,000
Minister responsible
Agency executive
  • Andrew Hampton, Director-General of Security
Websitewww.nzsis.govt.nz

The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS or SIS; Māori: Te Pā Whakamarumaru) is New Zealand's primary national intelligence agency. It is responsible for providing information and advising on matters including national security (including counterterrorism and counterintelligence) and foreign intelligence.[3] It is headquartered in Wellington and overseen by a Director-General, the Minister of New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, and the parliamentary intelligence and security committee; independent oversight is provided by the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security.

SIS was established on 28 November 1956 with the primary function of combating perceived increases in Soviet intelligence operations in Australia and New Zealand.[4] Since then, its legislated powers have expanded to increase its monitoring capabilities and include entry into private property. Its role has also expanded to include countering domestic and international terrorism, chemical, biological, and cyber threats.

The organisation has been criticised for its role in numerous high-profile incidents such as the 1974 arrest of Bill Sutch on charges of spying for the Soviet Union,[5] the 1981 assassination attempt by Christopher Lewis on Queen Elizabeth II,[6] and the 1996 invasion of GATT Watchdog organiser Aziz Choudry's home.[7] It has also been criticised for its failures to anticipate or prevent incidents such as the 1985 bombing of the Rainbow Warrior,[8] the 2004 purchasing of New Zealand passports by Israeli "intelligence contract assets",[9] and the 2019 Christchurch Mosque Shootings by an Australian alt-right white supremacist terrorist.[10]

History

Origins and predecessors

In the first half of the 20th century, domestic intelligence and counter-subversion were primarily in the hands of the New Zealand Police Force (1919–1941; 1945–1949) and the New Zealand Police Force Special Branch (1949–1956). During the Second World War, the short-lived New Zealand Security Intelligence Bureau (SIB) took over.[11] The SIB was modeled after the British MI5 and was headed by Major Kenneth Folkes, a junior MI5 officer. However, the conman Syd Ross duped Major Folkes into believing that there was a Nazi plot in New Zealand. After this embarrassment, Prime Minister Peter Fraser dismissed Folkes in February 1943 and the SIB merged into the New Zealand Police. Following the end of the war in 1945, the police force resumed responsibility for domestic intelligence.[12]

On 28 November 1956, the First National Government established the New Zealand Security Service (NZSS). Its goal was to counter increased Soviet intelligence operations in Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the Petrov Affair of 1954, which had damaged Soviet-Australian relations. The NZSS was again modeled on the British domestic intelligence agency MI5 and its first Director of Security, Brigadier William Gilbert, was a former New Zealand Army officer. Its existence remained a state secret until 1960.[4][13]

Formalisation and expansion of mandate

The NZ Intelligence Community (NZIC) developed further in the late 1950s due to growing concerns about political terrorism, improvements in weaponry, news media coverage, and frequent air travel. As terrorist threats grew, along with potential connections to wider groups, the adoption of counter-insurgency techniques increased in New Zealand. In response to this, the New Zealand Parliament enacted the 1961 Crimes Act to allow improved targeting of possible terrorist suspects and scenarios.[14] In 1969 the NZSS was formally renamed the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.[15] That same year Parliament passed the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act to cover the agency's functions and responsibilities.[16]

Various amendments were later made to the Security Intelligence Act, including the controversial 1977 amendment under Prime Minister Robert Muldoon, which expanded the SIS's powers of monitoring considerably.[17] The 1977 Amendment Act defined terrorism as: "planning, threatening, using or attempting to use violence to coerce, deter, or intimidate". The Immigration Amendment Act of 1978 further expanded the definition of terrorism.[18]

In 1987, Gerald Hensley, Chair of the NZIC, stated that the State Services Commission became attracted to the concept of "comprehensive security", taking into account not only human-made threats such as terrorism but also natural hazards.[clarification needed] This was also a response to the severing of intelligence-sharing arrangements New Zealand had with the United States in 1985 over nuclear policy.[19] Following the attempted hijacking of an Air New Zealand flight and the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior in 1985, Parliament enacted the International Terrorism (Emergency Powers) Act 1987. The Act gave censorship powers to the government around matters of national security and terrorism. This was a significant departure from New Zealand's previous conformance to international norms and laws.[20]

At the end of the 20th Century and beginning of the 21st, the NZIC adapted to emerging chemical, biological, and eventually cyber threats. These three areas became a key point of integration between the intelligence community agencies. Cases of terrorism overseas promoted the NZ Intelligence Community to regularly exchange information and meet the growing demands of addressing non-state actors.[21][22]

Purpose

The SIS is a civilian intelligence and security organisation. Its stated roles are:

As a civilian organisation, the SIS's remit does not include enforcement (although it has limited powers to intercept communications and search residences). Its role is intended to be advisory, providing the government with information on threats to national security or national interests. It also advises other government agencies about their own internal security measures, and is responsible for performing checks on government employees who require security clearance. The SIS is responsible for most of the government's counter-intelligence work.

In 2007, it was reported that the SIS wished to expand its role into fighting organized crime.[24]

Organisation

The SIS is based in Wellington, with branches in Auckland and Christchurch. It has close to 300 full-time staff.[25]

The Director-General of the SIS reports to the Minister of New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, who is as of 2018 is Hon Andrew Little, and the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee.[26] Independent oversight of its activities is provided by the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security.[27]

Directors

Rebecca Kitteridge in 2015

The SIS is administered by a Director-General. As of 2014 it has had seven directors generals:

Public profile

The SIS has been involved in a number of public incidents and controversies:

Bill Sutch affair

In 1974, the SIS was the source of information that led to the arrest of Bill Sutch, an economist and former civil servant, on charges of spying for the Soviet Union. Sutch was acquitted and the SIS was criticised for having accused him,[5] although it has also been alleged that the SIS was correct in its accusation.[28]

1981 Springbok tour

In 1981, the SIS was criticised for drawing up a list of 15 "subversives" who participated in protests against the 1981 Springbok Tour, a visit by South Africa's apartheid rugby team. Characterising individual protesters as "subversives" was deemed by many to be a violation of the right to protest government decisions.[29]

1981 Briefcase leak

Also in 1981, an SIS operative inadvertently left a briefcase, containing a copy of Penthouse, three cold meat pies, and notes of a dinner party hosted by a German diplomat, on a journalist's fence in Wellington, where it was found by the son of another journalist, Fran O'Sullivan.[5]

1985 Rainbow Warrior bombing

In 1985, the SIS failed to prevent the French operation in which DGSE operatives bombed the Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior, killing a photographer.[8]

1980s Cold War embassies espionage operations

In early June 2020, Radio New Zealand reported that the NZSIS had raided the Czechoslovakian embassy in Wellington in 1986 as part of a joint operation with the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) to steal Warsaw Pact codebooks in order to break into the encrypted communications of Soviet-aligned countries during the Cold War. This operation would have breached the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This revelation came to light as a result of an RNZ podcast series called The Service, produced by Wellington writer and documentary maker John Daniell, whose mother and step-father had both worked for the NZSIS. Daniell said that his step-father was involved in the raid and had claimed it was a success. Daniell's account was corroborated by Gerald Hensley, who served as the head of the Prime Minister's Department under the-then Prime Minister David Lange, and former NZSIS officer Kit Bennetts.[30] In response, both former Prime Minister Helen Clark and Andrew Little, who is the Minister in charge of the NZSIS and Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), refused to confirm that they had authorised raids on embassies based in New Zealand.[31][32] RNZ also reported that the SIS had spied upon Labour MP Richard Northey under the pretext of his support for racial equality and nuclear disarmament. At the time of the spying, Northey was chair of the Justice and Law Reform Select Committee, which was responsible for financial oversight of the SIS, and of legislation altering its powers.[33]

Surveillance of left-wing, peace, and Māori activists

In 1996, two SIS agents broke into the home of Aziz Choudry. Choudry was an organiser with GATT Watchdog, which was holding a public forum and rally against an APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Trade Ministers meeting hosted in Christchurch. The Court of Appeal ruled that the SIS had exceeded their legislated powers of interception.[7] Parliament later amended the SIS Act to give the SIS powers of entry into private property.

In 2004, it was alleged that the SIS was spying on Māori individuals and organisations, including those associated with the new Māori Party, for political purposes under the codename "Operation Leaf".[34] A government inquiry led by the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security later rejected these claims in April 2005. The prime minister, Helen Clark called the allegations "baseless".[35] The Sunday Star-Times, the original source of the story, printed a full apology and retraction.

In December 2008, it was discovered that a Christchurch resident, Rob Gilchrist, had been spying on peace organisations and individuals including Greenpeace, Iraq war protesters, animal rights and climate change campaigners. He confessed to the allegations after his partner, Rochelle Rees, found emails sent between him and Special Investigation Group (SIG) officers, having found the emails while fixing Gilchrist's computer. Rochelle Rees was a Labour party activist as well as an animal rights campaigner. Gilchrist was said to have passed on information via an anonymous email address to SIG officers including Detective Peter Gilroy and Detective Senior Sergeant John Sjoberg. SIG is connected with SIS. Gilchrist had been paid up to $600 a week by police for spying on New Zealand citizens, reportedly for at least 10 years. Gilchrist also said he was offered money by Thomson Clark Investigations to spy on the Save Happy Valley Coalition, an environmental group. The incident implied members of New Zealand political parties were spied on by SIS and SIG.[36]

Ahmed Zaoui affair

In 2002, the SIS issued a security risk certificate for Ahmed Zaoui, an Algerian asylum-seeker, and recommended his deportation. Zaoui was detained under a warrant of commitment. Inspector General Laurie Greig resigned in March 2004 after controversy over comments perceived as biased against Zaoui. The risk certificate was subsequently lifted, allowing Zaoui to remain.[37]

2004 Israel-NZ passport scandal

In July 2004, the SIS was criticised for not knowing that Israeli "intelligence contract assets" had been in New Zealand fraudulently purchasing New Zealand passports. This came to light when the New Zealand Police discovered the fraud. The case became world news and an embarrassment for both the SIS and Mossad. Two of the Israelis involved (Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara who had been based in Australia) were deported to Israel, while two non-Israelis believed to be involved (American Ze'ev Barkan and New Zealander David Reznic) left New Zealand before they were caught.[38][9]

Surveillance of students

In November 2009, the SIS was criticised for asking university staff to report their colleagues or students if they were behaving suspiciously. The SIS said it was part of an effort to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction.[39]

2011 Investigation of alleged Mossad operation

In July 2011, the SIS was involved in an investigation of Israeli backpackers who were in New Zealand at the time of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, in which one of the Israelis was killed. The Israelis were alleged to have been Mossad agents attempting to infiltrate the New Zealand government's computer databases and steal sensitive information. The investigation concluded that there was no evidence of a Mossad operation.[40]

1981 Attempted assassination of Queen Elizabeth II

In March 2018, the SIS released a memo confirming that an assassination attempt was made on Queen Elizabeth II during her 1981 visit in Dunedin despite alleged efforts by the New Zealand Police to cover up the incident. The perpetrator was 17 year-old Dunedin teenager Christopher Lewis.[41][42] Lewis electrocuted himself in prison in 1997 while awaiting trial for an unrelated murder.[6]

2019 Christchurch mosque shootings

After the 15 March 2019 white supremacist terrorist attack on two mosques in Christchurch, the failure of the SIS and other NZ state agencies to pay adequate attention to the 'far right', and to detect the terrorist was strongly criticised. Green Party MP Marama Davidson and Tuhoe activist and artist Tame Iti, among others, suggested that the SIS and other state security and intelligence agencies had the wrong people under surveillance, including Muslim communities, Māori, and environmental activists.[10][43] The spokesperson for the Islamic Women's Council of New Zealand, Anjum Rahman, voiced frustration at the failure of the SIS to take Muslim community concerns about racist violence and the rise of the alt-right in New Zealand seriously.[44]

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that there would be an inquiry into the circumstances that led to the mosque attacks and what the relevant agencies (SIS, Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), police, Customs and Immigration) knew about the individual and the accused's activities.[45] The official Royal Commission into the attacks was made public on 8 December 2020,[46] and found that intelligence agencies including the NZSIS and GCSB had placed excessive focus on Islamist terrorism, at the expense of detecting far-right and White supremacist threats.[47][48][49][50]

On 22 March 2021, the NZSIS released an internal review known as the "Arotake review" exploring its decision-making process prior to the Christchurch mosque shootings. The review had been conducted by a counter-terrorism expert from the Five Eyes.[51] In late March 2021, NZSIS Director-General Rebecca Kitteridge indicated that the NZSIS would be paying more attention to far right and white supremacist groups.[52][53]

2020 Zhenhua Data leak

On 16 September 2020, the NZSIS confirmed that it was evaluating the "potential risks and security concerns" of the Chinese intelligence firm Zhenhua Data's "Overseas Key Individuals Database." The database had profiled 730 New Zealanders including Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's mother Laurell, father Ross, sister Louse, former Prime Minister John Key's son Max, sportswoman Barbara Kendall, Māori leaders Dame Naida Glavish, former Minister of Finance Ruth Richardson, and Chief Censor David Shanks. Zhenhua's database had been leaked to the American academic and China expert Professor Chris Balding, who passed the information to Australian cyber security firm Internet 2.0. The data leak was covered by several international media including the Australian Financial Review, the Washington Post, the Indian Express, the Globe and Mail, and Il Foglio.[54][55]

2021 disclosure of counterintelligence operations

In late March 2021, the NZSIS's Director-General Rebecca Kitteridge confirmed that its agents had discovered a New Zealander who was gathering information for an unidentified foreign intelligence agency about individuals whom an unidentified foreign state regards as dissidents. University of Canterbury political scientist Anne-Marie Brady claimed that the spy had been working for China. In addition, the spy agency confirmed that, during the period between 2019 and 2020, it had disrupted the efforts of a person working for a foreign state to influence senior policy-makers, investigated the activities of individuals linked to several foreign states, and investigated foreign efforts to influence local and central government figures and New Zealand's academic sector.[56]

In late October 2021, Radio New Zealand reported that the NZSIS had designated a Chinese couple as a national security threat, prompting Immigration New Zealand to block the couple's residency applications. The NZSIS asserted that the husband and wife had assisted Chinese intelligence services and deliberately concealed the amount of contact they had maintained with them. The couple had migrated to New Zealand in 2016 under the entrepreneur work visa scheme and established a business. The husband's lawyer countered that the man had maintained legitimate contact with Chinese intelligence services while working at a private company in China because he had helped employees to obtain visas to enter China for business purposes.[57]

Spying on Nicky Hager

In November 2022 the SIS paid journalist Nicky Hager $66,000 after unlawfully accessing his phone records.[58] The spying was in response to Hager's book Other People's Wars, and attempted unsuccessfully to identify his sources. The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security found that the SIS had no lawful power to investigate, and had not showed the kind of caution expected in a free and democratic society.[58]

Spying on Yuan Zhao

In March 2023, Stuff reported that the NZSIS had questioned a Chinese New Zealander named Yuan Zhao in October 2022 on the suspicion that Yuan had used his position as a senior government analyst for the Public Service Commission (PSC) to spy for the Chinese Government and because of his "close personal relationships" with Chinese diplomats based in New Zealand. Zhao was subsequently suspended from his job at the Commission in late 2022. In March 2023, Zhao denied supplying the Chinese Government with information and claimed the NZSIS had no evidence to substantiate the information. In response, the NZSIS and PSC declined to comment on Zhao's case, citing security protocols.[59] Yuan subsequently complained to the intelligence agency's watchdog, the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security Brendan Horsley, who confirmed his office was investigating Zhao's complaint and would inform the public about the outcome. In response to media coverage, the Chinese Embassy issued a statement describing the espionage allegations against Zhao as "ill-founded" and motivated by an "ulterior motive to smear and attack China, which we firmly oppose."[60]

2023 threat assessment

On 11 August 2023, the NZSIS published its first unclassified threat assessment which identified violent extremism, foreign interference and espionage as three major threats to New Zealand. For the first time, the NZSIS identified China, Iran, and Russia as the foreign governments most responsible for foreign interference in New Zealand. According to the report, Chinese intelligence services were actively targeting ethnic Chinese communities in New Zealand while Russian was spreading disinformation among some New Zealanders through its international disinformation campaigns and seeking to acquire new technologies in order to circumvent international sanctions. The NZSIS also reported that Iranian state actors were monitoring and reporting on Iranian diaspora communities and dissident groups in New Zealand.[61][62]

Access to records

Until a few years ago[when?] the SIS was reluctant to release information either under the Privacy Act or the Official Information Act. However, it has now adopted a much more open policy: individuals who apply for their files will be given extensive information, with only sensitive details (such as details of sources or information provided by overseas agencies) removed. A letter to the director is all that is required in order to obtain information.[citation needed]

In certain respects,[further explanation needed] the SIS still fails to meet its obligations under the Privacy Act but in these cases there is a right of appeal to the Privacy Commissioner. The Privacy Act does not cover deceased people but their files are available under the Official Information Act. The service is also required to release other information such as files on organisations but it is reluctant to do so, claiming that it has to perform extensive research in order to provide such information.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Michael King, Penguin History of New Zealand, p.429.
  2. ^ "Total Appropriations for Each Vote". Budget 2021/22. The Treasury. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  3. ^ "About us". New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b Michael King, Penguin History of New Zealand, pp. 429, 431.
  5. ^ a b c Clayworth, Peter (20 June 2012). "Intelligence services - The Cold War, 1945 to 1984". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  6. ^ a b McNeilly, Hamish (1 March 2018). "The Snowman and the Queen: Declassified intelligence service documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen". Stuff. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Crown Pays Up, Apologises In Choudry SIS Case". Scoop. 26 August 1999. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Sinking the Rainbow Warrior - Nuclear-free New Zealand | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  9. ^ a b Hallel, Amir (2 October 2004). "At home with the Mossad men". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  10. ^ a b Ao, Te (17 March 2019). "The wrong people have been under surveillance - Marama Davidson". Māori Television. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  11. ^ Graeme Hunt, Spies and Revolutionaries, pp. 291–2.
  12. ^ Graeme Hunt, Spies and Revolutionaries, pp.140–44.
  13. ^ Graeme Hunt, Spies and Revolutionaries, pp.231–32.
  14. ^ Bethan Greener-Barcham, Before September: A History of Counter-terrorism in New Zealand, p. 510.
  15. ^ Graeme Hunt, Spies and Revolutionaries, pp. 242, 292.
  16. ^ "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act 1969 No 24 (as at 13 July 2011), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011. The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service to which this Act applies is hereby declared to be the same Service as the Service known as the New Zealand Security Service which was established on 28 November 1956.
  17. ^ Robinson, Bruce (3 October 1977). "The SIS—What it does | NZETC". Salient: Official newspaper of Victoria University of Wellington Students Association. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  18. ^ Bethan Greener-Barcham, Before September: A History of Counter-terrorism in New Zealand, p. 512.
  19. ^ Andrew Brunatti, The architecture of community, p. 126.
  20. ^ Bethan Greener-Barcham, Before September: A History of Counter-terrorism in New Zealand, p. 517.
  21. ^ Bethan Greener-Barcham, Before September: A History of Counter-terrorism in New Zealand, p. 521.
  22. ^ Andrew Brunatti, The architecture of community.
  23. ^ NZSIS Official Website About Us, Index
  24. ^ 'SIS head wants to tackle organised crime', Radio New Zealand news item.
  25. ^ "Briefing to the Incoming Minister 2017" (PDF). gcsb.govt.nz. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  26. ^ "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS): About Us". Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  27. ^ "About | Inspector General of Intelligence and Security". Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  28. ^ Kitchin, Phil (11 August 2014). "Fresh twist in 40-year-old Cold War spy mystery". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  29. ^ Clayworth, Peter (20 June 2012). "Muldoon's list of 'subversives', 1981". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  30. ^ Espiner, Guyon (8 June 2020). "Spy secret revealed: SIS and MI6 raided Czechoslovakian embassy in Wellington". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  31. ^ Bracewell-Worrall, Anna (8 June 2020). "Helen Clark, Andrew Little refuse to reveal if they've signed off on raids of foreign embassies as SIS Minister". Newshub. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  32. ^ Espiner, Guyon (8 June 2020). "SIS Minister Andrew Little refuses to deny signing off on embassy break-ins". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  33. ^ "SIS spied on Labour MP Richard Northey". Radio New Zealand. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  34. ^ Manning, Selwyn (11 November 2004). "Intel Sources Say SIS Investigating Maori Party". Scoop. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  35. ^ "PM's statement on the alleged 'Operation Leaf'". The Beehive. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  36. ^ Tan, Lincoln (15 December 2008). "Chief of police called in over spies". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  37. ^ "Statement by director of the SIS concerning Mr Ahmed Zaoui". The New Zealand Herald. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  38. ^ 'A Word From Afar: The Curious Case of Mr. Tucker', Scoop, Paul G. Buchanan, 11 February 2009, retrieved 30 December 2009.
  39. ^ "Uni staff asked to spy on students". 3 News. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  40. ^ "Investigation cleared Israelis of spy claims: PM". Stuff. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  41. ^ "SIS files confirm Dunedin teen tried to shoot Queen". Otago Daily Times. NZ Newswire. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  42. ^ McNeilly, Hamish (1 March 2018). "Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  43. ^ Black, Taroi (17 March 2019). "Tame Iti sickened by act of terrorism in Christchurch". Māori Television. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  44. ^ Rahman, Anjun (17 March 2019). "Islamic Women's Council repeatedly lobbied to stem discrimination". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  45. ^ "PM on gun law reforms: 'We are absolutely united'". Radio New Zealand. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  46. ^ Kurt Bayer (8 December 2020). "Christchurch mosque shootings: Royal Commission report revealed". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021.
  47. ^ "Report: Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019". Department of Internal Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Recap: Government reacts to the royal commission findings into March 15 terrorist attack". Stuff. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021.
  49. ^ Diaz, Jaclyn (8 December 2020). "New Zealand Finds Intelligence Lapses Leading To Last Year's Mosque Attacks". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  50. ^ Perry, Nick (9 December 2020). "Report finds lapses ahead of New Zealand mosque attack". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  51. ^ Manch, Thomas; Lourens, Marine (22 March 2021). "Security Intelligence Service releases internal review into decision-making prior to Christchurch mosques attack". Stuff. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  52. ^ O'Brien, Tova (24 March 2021). "NZSIS boss Rebecca Kitteridge can't promise spies are looking in right places, picking up obvious far-right threats". Newshub. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  53. ^ Manch, Thomas (24 March 2021). "Spies increasingly investigating 'white identity extremism', including organised extremist groups". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  54. ^ Manch, Thomas (16 September 2020). "New Zealand spy agency 'reviewing' Chinese intelligence database for security concerns". Stuff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  55. ^ Manch, Thomas; Cornish, Sophie (15 September 2020). "New Zealand politicians, diplomats, judges, and fraudsters found on massive Chinese intelligence database". Stuff. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  56. ^ Manch, Thomas (27 March 2021). "Spies catch out New Zealander working for a foreign intelligence agency". Stuff. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  57. ^ Bonnett, Gill (30 October 2021). "Couple denied NZ residence due to Chinese intelligence links". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  58. ^ a b Thomas Manch (30 November 2022). "Nicky Hager receives $66,000 settlement from Security Intelligence Service over phone record spying". Stuff. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  59. ^ Manch, Thomas (9 March 2023). "Senior government analyst accused of reporting to Chinese government by Security Intelligence Service". Stuff. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  60. ^ Manch, Thomas (9 March 2023). "Chinese Embassy blasts accusation NZ analyst reported to China". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  61. ^ "NZSIS's first unclassified threat assess". Radio New Zealand. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  62. ^ McClure, Tess (11 August 2023). "New Zealand intelligence report accuses China of 'foreign interference'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.

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