Forms that were intended for the (cancelled) 2011 census. To the left, the forms for individual persons surveyed; to the right, a form for the overall household. The 2013 census forms are identical, save for different dates.
The New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings (Māori: Te Tatauranga o ngā Tāngata Huri Noa i Aotearoa me ō rātou Whare Noho) is a national population and housing census conducted by government department Statistics New Zealand every five years. There have been 34 censuses since 1851. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to local service providers.
The most recent census, the 2023 census, took place on 7 March 2023.
Census date
Since 1926, the census has always been held on a Tuesday[1] and since 1966, the census always occurs in March.[1] These are statistically the month and weekday on which New Zealanders are least likely to be travelling. The census forms have to be returned by midnight on census day for them to be valid.
Conducting the census
Until 2018, census forms were hand-delivered by census workers during the lead-in to the census, with one form per person and a special form with questions about the dwelling. In addition, teams of census workers attempt to cover all hospitals, camp grounds, workplaces and transport systems where people might be found at midnight.
In 2018, the process was different. The majority of households received an access code in the post and were encouraged to complete their census online. If preferred, households could request paper census forms.[2]
The smallest geographic unit used in the census for population data is the mesh block. There are 53,589 mesh blocks, with an average of 88 people in each.[3]
The 2023 census can be completed online or on paper forms.[4] Forms with an access code were mailed out to householders from 20 February, but paper forms can be requested online or by telephone (free call 0800 CENSUS (0800 236–787)).
Data collected
The 2018 census collected data on the following topics:[5]
Population structure
Absentees
Age*
Legally registered relationship status
Name*
Number of children born
Partnership status in current relationship
Number of occupants on census night*
Sex*
Location
Dwelling address*
Census night address*
Usual residence*
Usual residence one year ago
Years at usual residence
Culture and Identity
Birthplace
Ethnicity*
Iwi affiliation
Languages spoken
Māori descent*
Religious affiliation
Years since arrival in New Zealand
Education and training
Field of study
Highest qualification
Highest secondary school qualification
Level of post-school qualification
Study participation
Work
Hours worked in employment per week
Industry
Occupation
Sector of ownership
Status in employment
Unpaid activities
Work and labour force status
Workplace address
Income
Sources of personal income
Total personal income
Families and households
Child dependency status
Extended families
Family type
Household composition
Housing
Access to basic amenities
Access to telecommunication systems
Dwelling counts (occupied, unoccupied, under construction)
Dwelling dampness indicator
Dwelling mould indicator
Individual home ownership
Main types of heating
Number of rooms*
Number of bedrooms
Occupied dwelling type
Sector of landlord
Tenure of household*
Weekly rent paid by households
Transport
Education institution address
Main means of travel to education
Main means of travel to work
Number of motor vehicles
Health and disability
Cigarette smoking behaviour
Disability/activity limitations
* Required to be included under the Statistics Act 1975 or the Electoral Act 1993
History
The first full census in New Zealand was conducted in 1851, and the census was triennial until 1881, at which time it became five-yearly. The 1931 census was cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression,[6] as was the 1941 census due to World War II.[7] The 1946 census was brought forward to Tuesday 25 September 1945, so that the results could be used for an electoral redistribution (the first for ten years) before the 1946 election.
1951 was the first year in which Māori and European New Zealanders were treated equally, with European New Zealanders having had a different census form in previous years and separate censuses in the nineteenth century. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions and those since will not be available before 2066.[8]
The 2006 census was held on Tuesday, 7 March. For the first time, respondents had the option of completing their census form online rather than by a printed form.
The 2011 census was scheduled for Tuesday, 8 March. However, due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011, it was cancelled.[9] For the first time ever, all 2011 census forms would have been digitally archived.[10] On 27 May 2011 Statistics New Zealand announced that a census would take place in March 2013.[11] The legislation required to change the census date was introduced to Parliament in August 2011.[12]
The 2013 census was held on Tuesday 5 March 2013 and the 2018 census was held on Tuesday 6 March 2018.[13] The 2018 census faced wide criticism for low response rates, a poor rollout of the online component of the census and delays.[14][4] This resulted in an independent review of the census process, and the resignation of the then-Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand Liz MacPherson.[15]
The 2023 census was held on Tuesday, 7 March (despite Statistics New Zealand initially not ruling out a delay due to the effects of Cyclone Gabrielle[16]), and it implemented measures that aimed to increase the census' effectiveness in response to the issues faced with the 2018 census, including supporting Māori to complete the census.[4][17] It also included new questions on topics such as gender, sexual identity, and disabilities/health conditions.[18]
Evasion of the census
A few people object to the census and attempt to evade it. As early as 1859, a resident was prosecuted for not completing his census form.[19] The most famous of these census evaders is The Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell, who has avoided the census on numerous occasions. He spent the night of the 1981 census in a boat beyond New Zealand's 20 kilometres (12 mi) territorial limit in order to avoid enumeration in the country. He has also publicly burnt census forms.[20]
Following the 2006 census, Statistics New Zealand prosecuted 72 people for failing to return their forms, with 41 convictions. After the 2013 census, they wrote to 450 people in July 2013 who had failed to return the forms, of whom 99 were prosecuted, resulting in 46 convictions. Most of those convicted faced two charges and were fined $50 to $500 per charge.[21]
This section needs expansion with: further results. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019)
Results of the 2013 census were released over an 18-month period, beginning 15 October 2013.[22] It recorded 4,242,048 people who were resident in New Zealand on 5 March 2013. This represents an increase of 214,101 people (5.3 percent) since the 2006 census.[23]
Results from the 2018 census were released to the public on 23 September 2019.[24] The population of New Zealand was counted as 4,699,755 – an increase of 457,707 (10.79%) over the 2013 census.[25]
On 30 June 2023, the field collection phase of the 2023 census ended with an estimated 89–91% of the New Zealand population having participated. Results of the 2023 census will be released in May 2024.[26]
