Sino-Tibetan language group of Nepal
The Newaric languages are a proposed group of Sino-Tibetan languages. George van Driem (2003) and Mark Turin (2004) argue that Newar and Baram–Thangmi (consisting of the two closely related languages Baram and Thangmi) share many features with each other, and thus group with each other.
Comparative vocabulary
The following comparative 100-word Swadesh list of the Newaric languages Baram, Thami (Thangmi), and Newar, along with Chepang is from Kansakar, et al. (2011: 220–223).[1]
| English gloss |
Baram |
Thami |
Newar |
Chepang
|
| I
|
ŋa |
gai |
ji |
ŋa
|
| you
|
naŋ |
naŋ |
cʰə, cʰi |
naŋ
|
| we
|
ni |
ni |
jʰi:, jipĩ |
ni, ŋi
|
| this
|
yo |
ka |
tʰwə |
ʔiʔ
|
| that
|
u, to |
to |
wə |
ʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ
|
| who
|
su |
su |
su |
su
|
| what
|
hai |
hara |
cʰu |
doh
|
| not
|
ma- |
ma- |
mə-, -mə- |
-la, -ma
|
| all
|
səpəi (< Nep.) |
sakale |
pʰukkə, dakkwə |
juda, ʔanə
|
| many
|
dʰerəi (< Nep.) |
ahe |
ye-kwə |
ʔa.nə
|
| one
|
de |
di |
cʰə-gu |
yat
|
| two
|
nis |
nis |
nyi-gu |
nis
|
| large
|
alam |
jekʰa |
tə:dʰə̃: |
taŋh-ʔo
|
| long
|
alam |
ələmga |
tahakə: |
gyaŋ-ʔo
|
| small
|
ikine |
ucya |
cidʰi:, cidʰə:̃ |
mi-ʔo
|
| woman
|
mama |
camaica |
misa |
nom-coʔ
|
| man
|
papa |
mi |
mijə̃ |
goy-coʔ
|
| person
|
bal |
mi |
mənu |
manta, coʔ
|
| fish
|
nəŋa |
naŋa |
nya |
ŋaʔ
|
| bird
|
jyali, wa (hen) |
ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen) |
jʰə̃gə: |
waʔ
|
| dog
|
akya |
kucu |
kʰyica |
kuyʔ
|
| louse
|
kʰat |
sirik |
syi |
kras, srəyk
|
| tree
|
seŋma |
seŋ |
syi-ma |
siŋʔ
|
| seed
|
ayu |
puya |
pusa |
sayʔ
|
| leaf
|
su/hola |
aja |
ləpte, hə: |
lo, mat
|
| root
|
jəra (< Nep.) |
nara |
ha |
rut, goyʔ
|
| bark
|
bokra (< Nep.) |
sebu (skin) |
kʰwəla |
pun
|
| skin
|
cʰala (< Nep.) |
sebi |
cʰẽgu |
pun
|
| meat
|
kusya |
cici |
la |
mayʔ
|
| blood
|
cihwui |
cwoi, cəi |
hi |
wəyʔ
|
| bone
|
hoṭ |
kʰosa |
kwəẽ |
hrus
|
| fat
|
ucʰo |
cʰyəu, cyou |
da: |
cʰaw
|
| egg
|
wohom, wom |
ahum, wom |
kʰẽ: |
ʔum
|
| horn
|
uyuŋ |
naru |
nyeku |
roŋʔ
|
| tail
|
pitik |
limek |
nʰipyə̃: |
meʔ
|
| feather
|
pwãkʰ (< Nep.) |
- |
pəpu |
meʔ, pʰeh
|
| hair
|
syam |
sam |
sə̃: |
myaŋ
|
| head
|
kəpu |
kapu |
cʰyə̃: |
ta.laŋ
|
| ear
|
kuna |
kunla |
nʰaepə̃ |
no
|
| eye
|
mik |
mesek |
mikʰa |
mik
|
| nose
|
cina |
ciŋa |
nʰae |
neh
|
| mouth
|
anam |
ugo |
mʰutu |
hmo.toŋ
|
| teeth
|
swa |
suwa |
wa |
syək, səyk
|
| tongue
|
cele |
cile |
mye |
le
|
| nail
|
luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋ |
pin |
lusyi |
sən
|
| leg
|
unjik |
konṭe, ulaŋ |
tuti |
dom
|
| knee
|
gʰũḍa (< Nep.) |
pokolek |
puli |
kryoŋ
|
| hand
|
hit |
lak |
lʰa: |
krut
|
| abdomen
|
uyaŋ |
baŋkal, guŋguŋ |
pwa: |
tuk
|
| throat
|
gʰãṭi (< Nep.) |
kaṇṭu |
gəpə: |
kəyk
|
| breast
|
nənu |
nunu |
duru-pwə |
ʔoh
|
| heart
|
muṭu |
loŋsek |
nugə |
hluŋ
|
| liver
|
kəlejo (< Nep.) |
- |
syẽ |
sinh
|
| drink
|
syaŋ-go |
tun-sa |
twəne, twənə |
tuŋʔ-na
|
| eat
|
ca-go |
cya-sa |
nələ, nəye |
jeʔ-na
|
| bite
|
aŋak-ko |
cek-sa |
nyatə, wã nyaye |
ŋawh-na
|
| look
|
ayo-go, ni-go |
yo-sa |
kʰənə, kʰəne |
yo-na, cewʔ-na
|
| hear
|
səi-go |
na-sai-sa |
talə, taye |
sayʔ-na
|
| know
|
ra-go, cigo |
sai-sa |
silə, syiye |
ci-na
|
| sleep
|
nu-go |
ammi-sa |
denə, dene |
ʔenʔ-sa
|
| die
|
si-go |
si-sa |
sitə, syie |
si-sa
|
| kill
|
sat-ko |
sat-sa |
syatə, syae |
sat-sa
|
| swim
|
pəuri bəne-go (< Nep.) |
lampasa |
lalkalə/kaye |
laʔ-na, kwelh-na
|
| fly
|
uble-go |
per-sa |
bwələ, bwəye |
syuŋ-na
|
| walk
|
jyo-go, ya-go (go) |
cawa-sa, ajyaca |
nya:se, wənə, wəye |
wah-na
|
| arrive
|
hyuŋcelgo |
kelet-sa |
wələ, jʰalə |
waŋ-na
|
| lie
|
na-go |
ami-sa |
mu:pulə, |
ʔenʔ-na
|
| sit
|
huk-ko |
hok-sa |
dilə, pʰetuye |
cuŋʔ-na
|
| stand
|
ṭʰiŋ-go |
tʰeŋ-sa |
dənə, dane |
ciŋ-na
|
| give
|
pi-go |
pi-sa |
bila, biye |
bəyʔ-na, hla-na
|
| say
|
da-go |
ŋa-sa, isdu |
dʰalə, dʰaye |
dayh-na
|
| sun
|
uni |
uni |
surdyə: |
nyam
|
| moon
|
cəlauni |
cəlauni |
timila |
lah
|
| star
|
tara (< Nep.) |
ucʰi |
nəu, nəgu |
kar
|
| water
|
awa |
paŋku |
lə: |
tiʔ
|
| rain
|
aŋmət |
yudu |
wa |
tiʔ, waʔ-ʔo
|
| stone
|
kumba |
lyuŋ, liŋ |
lwəhã |
baŋ
|
| sand
|
- |
- |
pʰi |
-
|
| earth
|
nəsa |
nasa |
ca |
saʔ
|
| cloud
|
amu |
kʰasu |
supãe |
mus
|
| smoke
|
isku |
asku |
kũ |
hmeʔ-ku
|
| fire
|
mui |
me |
mi |
hmeʔ
|
| ash
|
mau |
tarba |
nəu |
hmeʔ-mut
|
| burn
|
jo-go |
jyou-sa |
cyatə, cyaye |
jʰəm-na
|
| way/path
|
uŋma |
ulam |
lã |
lyam
|
| mountain
|
pahaḍ |
cyuri (top) |
gu |
pa.har
|
| red
|
pʰəya |
keret |
hyãũ |
du-ʔo
|
| green
|
həriyo (< Nep.) |
- |
wãũ |
pli-ʔo
|
| yellow
|
keuwo |
melu |
mʰasu |
yar-ʔo
|
| white
|
gyabo |
ubo |
tuyu: |
bʰam-ʔo
|
| black
|
ciliŋ |
kiji |
haku |
gal-ʔo
|
| night
|
rat (< Nep.) |
ṭa |
canʰəe, ca |
ya. ʔdiŋ
|
| hot
|
gyodum |
adum |
kwa: |
dʰah-ʔo
|
| cool
|
ciso (< Nep.) |
ajik |
kʰwaũ |
nik-ʔo
|
| full
|
kipoŋ |
ir-ir |
ja: |
bliŋ-ʔo
|
| new
|
kaui |
naka |
nʰu: |
rəw-ʔo
|
| good
|
kisen |
apraca |
bʰĩ: |
pe-ʔo
|
| round
|
golo (< Nep.) |
kurliŋ |
gwəlla: |
luŋ-o, gore
|
| dried
|
kyoksi |
areŋ, gaŋdu |
gə̃gu |
sot-ʔo
|
| name
|
umin |
name |
nã |
məyŋ
|
