Niagara Rainbow

The Niagara Rainbow at St. Thomas, Ontario in 1978
Overview
Service type	Inter-city rail
Status	Discontinued
Locale	Michigan, New York, Ontario
Predecessor	Empire State Express
First service	October 31, 1974
Last service	January 31, 1979
Former operator(s)	Amtrak
Route
Termini	New York Detroit
Stops	16
Distance travelled	676 miles (1,088 km)
Average journey time	14 hours 50 minutes
Service frequency	Daily
Train number(s)	63, 64
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Route map Legend 0 mi New York (Grand Central) 32 mi 51 km Croton-Harmon 73 mi 117 km Poughkeepsie 88 mi 142 km Rhinecliff 114 mi 183 km Hudson Lake Shore Limited to Boston 141 mi 227 km Albany–Rensselaer 151 mi 243 km Colonie–Schenectady Adirondack to Montreal 178 mi 286 km Amsterdam 238 mi 383 km Utica 252 mi 406 km Rome 286 mi 460 km Syracuse 372 mi 599 km Rochester 438 mi 705 km Buffalo Lake Shore Limited to Chicago 440 mi 708 km Buffalo–Exchange Street Pre-1978 route 465 mi 748 km Niagara Falls, New York 445 mi 716 km Black Rock Customs stop New York, United States Ontario, Canada 446 mi 718 km Fort Erie 467 mi 752 km Welland Planned but not served 564 mi 908 km St. Thomas 673 mi 1083 km Windsor Ontario, Canada Michigan, United States 676 mi 1088 km Detroit This diagram: view talk edit

The Niagara Rainbow, known as the Empire State Express before 1976, was an American passenger train service operated by Amtrak between New York City and Detroit via Buffalo and Southwestern Ontario in Canada. The service ran between October 31, 1974, and January 31, 1979.

History

Prior to the formation of Amtrak in 1971, the Penn Central's Wolverine and Motor City Special had served the route, but Amtrak had truncated the Wolverine to Detroit and discontinued the Motor City Special.

The Empire State Express, as it was then known, made its first run to Detroit on October 31, 1974. Before that it was one of the trains on the Empire Corridor, making a daily run between New York's Grand Central Terminal and Buffalo. The states of New York and Michigan provided the funds to extend the train through to Detroit.^[1] A day train, the Empire State Express carried no sleeping accommodations, but did run with a baggage car and diner. At Buffalo, passengers could connect with a Penn Central/Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway/Canadian Pacific Railway service to Toronto.^[2]

Amtrak changed the name of the train to Niagara Rainbow on April 25, 1976, although Niagara Falls itself continued to be served by a bus connection. In 1978, several state governments proposed replacing the Niagara Rainbow and its Chicago—Cleveland—New York counterpart, the Lake Shore Limited, with a single train. The proposed service would have separate sections via Detroit and Cleveland west of Buffalo plus separate Boston and New York sections east of Albany.^[3] That plan was not implemented and the two trains remained separate. In October 1978 the Niagara Rainbow finally began stopping in Niagara Falls.^[4] Unlike the modern Maple Leaf which uses the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge to cross into Canada, the Niagara Rainbow used the Michigan Central Railway Bridge. From Canada the route travelled north then southwest using trackage from Canada Southern Railway with the stops at St. Thomas, Ontario and Windsor, Ontario before crossing the border again into Detroit.^[5]

Amtrak truncated the Niagara Rainbow to Niagara Falls on January 31, 1979, after Michigan and New York withdrew their support. The United States Secretary of Transportation, Brock Adams, proposed re-routing the Lake Shore Limited, which ran through Cleveland on the opposite side of Lake Erie, over the Ontario route but this plan was not adopted by Congress.^[6][7]

Amtrak also ran an overnight service between New York and Toronto, also named the Niagara Rainbow, from June 1994 to September 10, 1995. It operated as a once-weekly additional frequency of the Maple Leaf, departing New York on Friday night and returning on Monday morning.^[8][9]

In March 2019, Amtrak indicated interest in 'restoration' of a Detroit-Toronto service in its FY 2020 funding request.^[10]