The Nieuport 24 had the misfortune to be the penultimate design suited to tactics that were being superseded when it entered service. Its small size, relatively light weight and small engine gave it a significant manoeuvrability advantage in a dog fight. However, larger and heavier fighters that relied almost entirely on speed such as the SPAD VII and Albatros D.III were entering service along with the introduction of ever larger combat formations, which generally negated its manoeuvrability.
While its handling was improved slightly, its performance was little better than the previous Nieuport 23 it was meant to replace, and so it was operated alongside larger numbers of the SPAD S.VII, although in November 1917, out of a French frontline fighter strength of 754 aircraft, Nieuports still made up 310 aircraft.[1] Operational Nieuport 24s served with French, British and Russian units, and the type also served widely as an advanced trainer.
Design and development
Nieuport 24 Type N5 airfoil drawings
The Nieuport 24 utilized a new wing of the same planform as the preceding Nieuport 23, but with a plywood leading edge and a new airfoil section having a flatter underside. The forward spar was moved aft, visibly affecting the cabane struts, which were then angled back. The ailerons had their tips rounded off and to reduce drag and were given a fabric strip reinforced with wire to cover the hinge gap, however the strip severely affected the type's handling, so it was removed shortly after service entry.[2]
The same fuselage with minor detail changes was used as on the Nieuport 17bis, which featured an improved aerodynamic form compared to the earlier Nieuports, with longitudinal stringers running from just aft of the moulded plywood cockpit sides to the tail. Internally the structure was updated, and while the 17bis had its Vickers gun offset to port, the 24 had it mounted to the starboard of the centerline.
The 24 also received an entirely new rounded moulded plywood empennage incorporating a small fixed fin and a half-heart shaped rudder.[3] Use of the new tail was delayed, and most production aircraft were of the Nieuport 24bis model, which reverted to the Nieuport 17 type tailplane and rectangular balanced rudder but was otherwise the same as the 24. The Nieuport 27 would use the new tail, along with a new split-axle undercarriage and internally sprung tailskid.[4] The 24 retained the faired wood externally sprung tailskid used on previous types. A 130 hp (97 kW) Le Rhônerotary engine was fitted in a spun aluminium cowl similar to those used on the late models of the Nieuport 17 and 23.
The standard armament of the Nieuport 17 of a synchronised 7.70 mm (0.303 in) Vickers, and optionally an overwing 7.70 mm (0.303 in) Lewis gun in French or Italian service or a Lewis on a Foster mounting on the top wing in British service, was retained. Many 24 and 24bis airframes were used as advanced fighter-trainers and flown unarmed.
Service history
Nieuport 24bis trainers
In the summer of 1917, when the Nieuport 24 and 24bis began coming off the production line, many French fighter squadrons were replacing their Nieuport 17s with SPAD S.VIIs but some French units retained Nieuports into 1918 when they were effectively obsolete, although the type was preferred by some, especially the famous Charles Nungesser. The type's most notable accomplishment occurred when Nieuports of N152 were responsible for downing two Zeppelins, L49 and L50 during the night of 19–20 October 1917.[5]
France's allies operated them, including the Russians and the British. The Russians would continue to operate their Nieuports throughout the Russian Civil War, and even received 20 French-built Nieuport 24s after the Czar's abdication.[6] Production of additional examples was undertaken by Dux, who had licence-built previous Nieuports.[6] Production was undertaken both before and after the Soviet victory. The Soviets would rename Dux to GAZ No 1 (Государственный авиационный завод № 1 or State Aviation Plant No. 1) and production continued until at least 1923.[6] Examples remained in service until at least 1925.[6]
In the summer of 1917, the RFC still regarded deliveries of Nieuport scouts as a top priority although the 24 and 24bis were regarded as interim types pending Nieuport 27 deliveries.[7]Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 deliveries began shortly afterward, but a low production rate forced the British to use their Nieuport scouts operationally well into 1918.[8]
The Japanese bought several pattern aircraft and from 1921 to 1923 built 102, with work started by the Army Supply Depot at Tokorozawa until taken over by Nakajima. These were later designated as the Ko 3, however the Japanese did not distinguish between the 24 and the 27, initially calling both the Ni 24.[9] Most of their Nieuport 24s were fitted with the 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C.[9] The Japanese operated them until the 1926, much longer than they did their SPAD S.XIIIs, which were retired in 1922.[10]
The Americans bought large numbers of Nieuport advanced trainers for their flying schools in France in November 1917, which either included 227 Nieuport 24s and 16 Nieuport 24bis[11] or 121 Nieuport 24s and 140 Nieuport 24bis,[12] depending on which source you believe, illustrating the difficulty in dealing with surviving source documents which often didn't distinguish between the 24, 24bis and the 27.
The Soviet's donated a Nieuport 24 and other types in 1921 to Afghanistan's King Amanullah Khan. It still existed in 1924 when the Afghan Military Air Arm was formed.[13]
Variants
Nieuport 24 C.1
single seat fighter
Nieuport 24 E.1
unarmed single seat fighter-trainer, often fitted with an 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C
Nieuport 24bis C.1
similar to 24 but used earlier metal tail with a comma shaped rudder and an angular horizontal tail.
Nieuport 24bis E.1
unarmed single seat fighter-trainer, often fitted with an 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C
Nieuport 25 C.1
Similar to 24 or 27, but with larger 200 hp (150 kW) Clerget rotary. Very few produced.
Nieuport 26 C.1
Development of 24, powered by Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine.
Data from Varriale, Paolo (2015). Nieuport 24/27 at war!. Windsock/Centenary Datafile 167. Hertfordshire, Great Britain: Albatros Publications. p. 31. ISBN978-1906798406.
Andersson, Lennart (May–June 2003). "Turbulent Origins: The First 30 Years of Aviation in Afghanistan". Air Enthusiast. No. 105. pp. 19–27. ISSN0143-5450.
Bruce, J.M. (November 1977 – February 1978). "More Nieuport Classics". Air Enthusiast. No. 5. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press. pp. 14–28.
Bruce, J.M. (1982). The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam. ISBN0-370-30084-X.
Bruce, J.M. (1994). Nieuport Fighters - A Windsock Datafile Special Volumes 1 & 2. Herts, UK: Albatros Publications. ISBN978-0948414541.
Cheesman E.F. (ed.) Fighter Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War Letchworth, Harletford Publications, 1960 pp. 96–97
Cooksley, Peter (1997). Nieuport Fighters In Action. In Action Aircraft Number 167. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN978-0897473774.
Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997). French Aircraft of the First World War. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. ISBN978-1891268090.
Franks, Norman (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1 - Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 33. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN1-85532-961-1.
Herris, Jack; Pearson, Bob (2014). The Essential Aircraft Identification Guide - Aircraft of World War I 1914–1918. London, UK: Amber Books. ISBN978-1906626655.
Janić Č, Petrović O, Short History of Aviation in Serbia, Beograd, Aerokomunikacije, 2011. ISBN978-86-913973-2-6
Kopanski, Tomasz (April 1993). "Les Nieuports polonais 1919–1920" [Polish Nieuports, 1919–1920]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French). No. 2. pp. 13–21. ISSN1243-8650.
Kowalski, Tomasz J. (2003). Nieuport 1-27. Lublin: Kagero. ISBN978-8389088093.
