Nikon NASA F4 front view with DA-20 action finder, Electronics Box and lenses.
Nikon NASA F4 together with HERCULES measurement and ring laser gyroscope right, its Electronics Box in the center and the laptop mounted atop the HERCULES Playback-Downlink Unit and Attitude Processor left.

The Nikon NASA F4 Electronic Still Camera is one of the first and rarest fully digital cameras with development started in 1987.[1] While Nikon delivered a modified Nikon F4 body, most of the electronics for the digital camera and housings were designed and manufactured by NASA at the Johnson Space Center and other suppliers. It was first flown in September 1991 on board the Space Shuttle Discovery, mission STS-48.[2][3] Later the cameras were flown on several other Shuttle missions[4] including STS-44, 45, 42, 49, 53,[5] 56[6] and 61.[7]

Although the camera was often used alone mounted with its Electronics Box, the HERCULES system[8][9] was built around it: Hand-held Earth-oriented Real-time Cooperative, User-friendly, Location, targeting, and Environmental System.[10] It includes one of the first laptops in space[11] mounted atop the Playback-Downlink Unit (PDU) and the kit also included the HERCULES Attitude Processor (HAP, a gyroscope based geolocation processor with initialization through star alignment shot with Nikon NASA F4 and additionally GPS data, giving up to 0.005 degrees per hour precision[12]), Electronic Still Camera (ESC) Electronics Box (ESCEB) including removable imagery data storage disks, NRL HERCULES Inertial Measurement Unit (HIMU) with the three-axis Honeywell ring laser gyroscope, DA-20 action finder, a night vision image intensifier as well as assorted lenses and cables. It was flown on the STS-53 and 56 missions and was succeeded by the HERCULES-B.[13]

History

Apollo 15 (NASA) Nikon F with FTn Photomic prism and motor drive, usable for extra-vehicular activity. The first 35 mm SLR in lunar orbit.

Nikon has been a supplier of space (EVA) capable cameras[14] for NASA since 1971, when they delivered a modified Nikon F SLR Photomic FTn camera[15][16] with center-weighted TTL metering system,[17] which was first used on the Apollo 15 mission.[18] In 1973, a newer modified version of the Nikon F with a motor drive was delivered for use in Skylab. In 1980[19] and 1989, Nikon delivered modified, space capable F3[20] (big and small version) respectively F4 cameras to NASA, which were used in the Space Shuttle.

Nikon's first digital camera (still video camera, with analog storage) was the Nikon Still Video Camera (SVC) Model 1, a prototype which was first presented at photokina 1986.[21][22] The follower Nikon QV-1000C Still Video Camera was produced since 1988 mainly for professional press use.[23] Both cameras used QV mount lenses, a variant of Nikon F-mount lenses. Via an adapter (QM-100) other F-mount lenses can be fitted.

The NASA Electronic Still Camera / Nikon NASA F4 was followed by the NASA-used Nikon-based Kodak DCS 460, DCS 660 and DCS 760, Nikon D1, D2X, D2Xs, D3, D3X, D3S, D4[24] and the D800E.[25] The Nikon F-mount is the only 35mm SLR or DSLR lens mount ever used by NASA.[26]

Technology

Nikon NASA F4 back view with DA-20 action finder and Electronics Box.

The camera was based on a modified F4 with standard F-mount and had a digital camera back with a monochrome CCD image sensor with 1024 x 1024 pixels on an area of 15 x 15mm developed by Ford Aerospace.[3] ISO 200 was the only light sensitivity, without infrared filter ISO 400.[1] Removable IDE hard-disks were used for digital storage of 40 images each with 8 bits per pixel. The camera's imaging sensor interface was based on an Altera Stand Alone Microsequencer and employed a 1 image SRAM storage buffer. The removable hard drive, RS-232 interface, LCD display, Ku-Band downlink interface and remaining camera control were accomplished with a Wildcard 88 (Intel 80C88 8 MHz CPU) single-board computer. Images were transmitted to the ground via the Orbiter Ku-Band digital downlink at a rate of 2 Mbit/s.[2] Within 1 hour the images were processed at Johnson Space Center's Pixar Image Computer and laser printed.[1]

Three copies of the NASA Electronic Still Camera were produced. The original development team included NASA Civil Servant electronic and mechanical design and fabrication, Lockheed development of the Electronic Still Camera ground station, Nikon Engineering supplying in total 14 modified Nikon F4 camera bodies also for prototypes, and Ford Aerospace and JPL development of the CCD image sensor.[1]

Developed upgrades included a 2048 x 2048 CCD sensor, a color CCD and architecture changes, but finally the Kodak DCS 460 was preferred.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e NASA Nikon F4 Electronic Still Camera
  2. ^ a b "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-48 PRESS KIT SEPTEMBER 1991". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b NASA F4 Electronic Still Camera Nikonweb
  4. ^ Space Shuttle Launches NASA
  5. ^ "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-53 PRESS KIT". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  6. ^ "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-56 PRESS KIT". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  7. ^ "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-61 PRESS KIT". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  8. ^ Chapman, Timm J. "The NASA HERCULES Payload". One Vision Photography. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016.
  9. ^ Sky Camera Maps Targets: HERCULES Popular Mechanics Sep 1993
  10. ^ Application of Space Shuttle Project HERCULES imagery in the investigation of ship cloud tracks Whitmeyer
  11. ^ Additional information on the NASA F4 in NHS issue 95. The F4 from flight STS-053. Nikon Historical Society
  12. ^ HERCULES attitude processor: gyro data processing system for real-time geolocation of images captured by astronauts
  13. ^ STS-70 Press Kit NASA
  14. ^ How Does NASA Get a Nikon D2Xs DSLR Ready to Go to Space? Popphoto.com
  15. ^ Nikon Photomic FTN Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Nikon
  16. ^ Nikon F - Nikon FTn Meter Finder/Prisms Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Mir
  17. ^ Nikon cameras and NASA TATENO, Yokoyuki, Apphotnum
  18. ^ Special titanium Nikon cameras and NASA cameras Nikon
  19. ^ Corporate History Archived 6 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Nikon
  20. ^ Nikon F3 NASA 250 Mir.com
  21. ^ Additional information on Nikon Video Still Camera Model 1 & Nikon QV-1000C Still Video Camera MIR
  22. ^ Nikon Still Video Camera (prototype) Nikonweb
  23. ^ Nikon QV-1000C? Never heard of it. Nikonweb
  24. ^ NASA (28 March 2015). "NASA Johnson". NASA. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  25. ^ NASA (6 October 2015). "NASA Johnson". NASA. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  26. ^ Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth: What are the different choices of cameras? NASA

External links

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