The Nine Stones is part of a tradition of stone circle construction that spread through much of Great Britain, Ireland, and Brittany between 3,300 and 900 BCE, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The stone circle tradition was accompanied by the construction of timber circles and earthen henges, reflecting a growing emphasis on circular monuments. The purpose of such rings is unknown, although archaeologists speculate that the stones represented supernatural entities for the circle's builders. At least nine of these stone circles are known to have been constructed near modern Dorset. They are smaller than those found elsewhere in Great Britain and are typically built from sarsen stone.
Located in the bottom of a narrow valley, the Nine Stones circle has a diameter of 9.1 by 7.8 metres (29 feet 10 inches by 25 feet 7 inches). It consists of nine irregularly spaced sarsen megaliths, with a small opening on its northern side. Two of the stones on the northwestern side of the monument are considerably larger than the other seven. This architectural feature has parallels with various stone circles in southwestern Scotland, and was potentially a deliberate choice of the circle's builders, to whom it may have had symbolic meaning.
Antiquarians like John Aubrey and William Stukeley first took an interest in the site during the eighteenth century. It later received archaeological attention, although it has not been excavated. Local folklore has grown up around the circle, associating it with the Devil and with children petrified into rock. The Nine Stones are regarded as a sacred site by local Druids, who perform religious ceremonies there. The circle is adjacent to the A35 road and encircled by trees. The site is owned by English Heritage and is open without charge to visitors.
Location
The Nine Stones circle is positioned at the national grid reference 36100904,[1] on the western edge of the village of Winterbourne Abbas in Dorset, South West England .[2] Enclosed within iron railings, it is surrounded on three sides by trees and on the northern side by the A35 road.[3] The roots of a beech tree have engulfed two of the megaliths in the circle.[4]
The archaeologist Aubrey Burl noted that while "this petite ring should be a delight to see", it was instead a "frustration" as a result of its restricted location.[5] He noted that it was difficult to take clear photographs of the site because of the surrounding trees.[5]
Context
While the transition from the Early Neolithic to the Late Neolithic—which took place with the transition from the fourth to the third millennium BCE—witnessed much economic and technological continuity, it also saw a considerable change in the style of monuments erected, particularly in southern and eastern England.[6] By 3,000 BCE, the long barrows, causewayed enclosures, and cursuses which had predominated in the Early Neolithic had ceased being built, and were instead replaced by circular monuments of various kinds.[6] These include earthen henges, timber circles, and stone circles.[7] These stone rings are found in most areas of Britain where stone is available, with the exception of the island's southeastern corner.[8] Stone circles are most densely concentrated in southwestern Britain and on the northeastern horn of Scotland, near Aberdeen.[8] The tradition of their construction may have lasted for 2,400 years, from 3300 to 900 BCE, with the major phase of building taking place between 3000 and 1,300 BCE.[9]
The stones
These stone circles typically show very little evidence of human visitation during the period immediately following their creation.[10] This suggests that they were not sites used for rituals that left archaeologically visible evidence, and may have been deliberately created to serve as what the historian Ronald Hutton describes as "silent and empty monuments".[11] The archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson suggested that in Neolithic Britain, stone was associated with the dead and wood with the living.[12] Other archaeologists have suggested that the stone might not represent ancestors, but rather other supernatural entities, such as deities.[11]
Burl described modern Dorset as having a "thin scatter" of stone circles,[13] with nine possible examples known within the county's boundaries.[14] The archaeologist John Gale described these as "a small but significant group" of such monuments,[14] and all are located within five miles of the sea.[15] All but one—Rempstone Stone Circle on the Isle of Purbeck—are located on the chalk hills west of Dorchester.[16] The Dorset circles have a simplistic typology and are of a comparatively small size in comparison to other British stone circles, with none exceeding 28 metres (92 feet) in diameter.[17] All are oval in shape, although they perhaps have been altered from their original form.[18] With the exception of the Rempstone circle, all consist of sarsen stone.[16] Much of this may have been obtained from the Valley of Stones, a location at the foot of Crow Hill near to Littlebredy, which is located within the vicinity of many of these circles.[19] With the exception of the circle at Litton Cheney, none display evidence of any outlying stones or earthworks around the stone circle.[20]
The archaeologists Stuart and Cecily Piggott believed that the circles of Dorset were probably of Bronze Age origin,[21] a view endorsed by Burl, who noted that their distribution did not match that of any known Neolithic sites.[22] It is possible that they were not all constructed around the same date,[23] and the Piggotts suggested that while they may well be Early Bronze Age in date, it is also possible that "their use and possibly their construction may last into the Middle and even into the Late Bronze Age".[21]
Their nearest analogies are the circles found on Dartmoor and Exmoor to the west, and the Stanton Drew stone circles to the north.[24] It is also possible that the stone circles were linked to a number of earthen henges erected in Dorset around the same period.[21]
Description and design
Plan of the Nine Stones (based on Piggott and Piggott 1939)
The Nine Stones circle has been described by Gale as "probably the most well documented of all those surviving in the county".[2] It measures 9.1 by 7.9 metres (29 feet 10 inches by 25 feet 11 inches) in diameter, as measured from a north-to-south direction.[25] The stones are of sarsen or conglomerate.[25][26] A gap between two stones on the side of the circle adjacent to the road may suggest that there was once a tenth stone in the monument.[27] Given its dimensions, the circle could only accommodate a small number of individuals assembling within it.[28]
Seven of the nine surviving stones are under 90 centimetres (3.0 feet) tall, but two of the northwestern stones are considerably larger.[5] Located opposite the circle's two shortest stones, one is thin and pointed, reaching 2.1 metres (6.9 feet) high, while the other is broader, measuring 1.8 metres square (6 feet by 6 feet).[5] The largest of the stones weighs approximately 7.3 tonnes (8 tons) and would have required the efforts of many people to move and erect it.[22]
This disparity between the sizes of the megaliths is unparalleled among the other surviving stone circles in the Dorset area,[29] and may have been a deliberate choice by the circle's builders, perhaps reflecting sexual symbolism.[5] There are a number of similar circles in southwestern Scotland, for example the Loupin' Stones, Ninestane Rig, and Burgh Hill, all of which share the architectural feature of having two taller stones on their perimeters.[30] Potentially supporting this link between Dorset and southwestern Scotland is the fact that the Grey Mare and her Colts—a chambered long barrow located two and a half miles southwest of the Nine Stones—displays architectural similarities with the Clyde-Solway tradition of chambered long barrows.[31]
Landscape context and related monuments
The circle is located at the bottom of a narrow valley.[32] Though this is unusual for a monument of this type,[32] the Dorset Rempstone stone circle was also erected within a valley.[33]
The antiquarian John Aubrey recorded a further stone circle, located about a kilometre (half a mile) to the west of the Nine Stones, which was of similar dimensions to it.[33] It was later destroyed, although as of the 1930s three stones were recorded as remaining at the site.[33] Gale later suggested that this site may not have even been a stone circle at all, but might instead have been the remains of an Early Neolithic chambered tomb. He noted, however, that "as nothing remains it is at the moment impossible to resolve".[34]
There is also a fallen standing stone known as the Broad Stone which measures 2 metres (6.6 feet) in length and which lies beside the road about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 miles) to the west of the Nine Stones.[34][35] As it was recorded in the nineteenth century it measured 3 metres (9.8 feet) in length, 2 metres (6 and a half feet) in breadth, and 0.6 metres (2.0 feet) in thickness.[34] The monument was protected from passing cars by several bollards which were later removed by the highways authority, prompting statements of concern that the stone was unprotected in 2008.[36]
Later history
Antiquarian and archaeological research
Stukeley's 1724 illustration of the monument, entitled "A Celtic Temple at Winterburn",[29] according to Burl, this image "shows the ring more completely than is possible today"[37]
The circle was recorded by Aubrey in the seventeenth century, and then by William Stukeley in the eighteenth century.[26] Aubrey recorded the presence of nine megaliths at the site, as did Stukeley's 1723 drawing of it.[29] In the nineteenth century the site was visited by the antiquarian Charles Warne, who wrote about it in his 1872 book Ancient Dorset. He claimed that he could discern the existence of a tenth stone, although on visiting the site in 1936, the Piggotts noted that they could find no evidence of this.[38] Gale later stated that this claim "has never been substantiated".[2] Warne had consulted Aubrey's manuscript, but confused Aubrey's illustration of the Devil's Quoits at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, for a monument that he believed had once been located near to the Nine Stones.[33]
In 1888, the local council decreed that—along with the Grey Mare and her Colts and the Tenant Hill stone circle—the site would be registered as an "ancient monument" under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882.[39] In August 1916, the site was then designated as a scheduled monument.[40] The circle was included in the archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford's Map of Neolithic Wessex, printed by the Ordnance Survey in 1932.[16] As of 2003, the site had not been excavated.[41]
Folklore
In 1908, the stone circle was known as the "Nine Ladies" and the "Devil's Nine Stones",[42] and in 1941 they were associated with both the Devil and human sacrifice in local folklore.[42] As of 1968, the stone circle was still known as the "Devil's Nine Stones".[43] In 1966, a man from Winterborne St Martin claimed that the stones were the Devil, his wife, and his children.[44] There are many ancient sites across Britain with names that associate them with the Devil.[45] Examining such place-names, the folklorist Jeremy Harte argued that they did not develop during the Christianisation of England in the early Middle Ages, but rather they were applied to such sites in later centuries, often supplanting the name of an earlier folkloric or legendary figure.[46]
The circle during clearances, 2007
In 1965 a woman from the Isle of Portland stated that her own father had always raised his cap when passing the circle.[47] At the same time local folklore was recorded as holding that the stones in the ring could not be counted.[47] This "countless stones" motif is not unique to this particular site, and can be found at various other megalithic monuments in Britain. The earliest textual evidence for it is found in an early sixteenth-century document, where it applies to the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, although in an early seventeenth-century document it was being applied to The Hurlers, a set of three stone circles in Cornwall.[48] Later records reveal that it had gained widespread distribution in England, as well as a single occurrence each in Wales and Ireland.[49] The folklorist S. P. Menefee suggested that it could be attributed to an animistic understanding that these megaliths had lives of their own.[50]
The archaeologist Leslie Grinsell reported that in the mid-1970s, he learned of a folk tale that the stones had once been children who were turned to stones as punishment for playing Five-Stones on a Sunday.[51] This folk motif of humans turned to stone for revelling on a Sunday had been attached to a range of prehistoric monuments across southwestern Britain by the early eighteenth century, although it had been first recorded in Cornwall in 1602.[52] It is likely connected to Sabbatarianism, and may have been spread by Protestant preachers.[53]
In 1984, Harte talked to various individuals who lived in the local area, finding that the monument was also known as "Lady Williams and her Dog" or "Lady Williams and her Little Dog Fido", a reference to a family who lived at Bridehead House, Littlebredy.[54] He also related a story that on 23 January 1985, a breakdown van was towing a car past the Nine Stones when, at 9:15pm, its engine cut out and the lights on both vehicles failed. Press coverage speculated that the event was linked to both a ley line passing through the site and to unidentified flying objects that have been reported above the nearby Eggardon Hill.[54]
Recent developments
The site is in the care of English Heritage,[26] and can be visited at any time.[1] The circle is considered a place of religious importance to a modern Druidic group called the Dolmen Grove Druids.[55] They have described having to confront individuals shouting abuse at them while they have performed their rituals at the stone circle.[56]
In October 2007, the sides of the stones facing the road were daubed in white paint with the slogans "Read family court hell" and "F4J". "F4J" was also painted on to the side of Dorset's Hardy Monument. The activist group Fathers4Justice—whose acronym is "F4J"—denied any responsibility, condemned the action, and suggested that the slogans had been painted on by unknown individuals in an attempt to discredit the group.[57] Concern about the vandalism was expressed by the National Trust, the local landowner, and the Dolmen Grove Druids.[55]
Anonymous (2 June 1888). "Notes on Art and Archaeology". The Academy. No. 839. p. 385.
Anonymous (1888b). "Quarterly Summary of Archaeological Discoveries in the British Isles". The Archaeological Review. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 50–54. JSTOR24708701.
Anonymous (17 March 2007). "Pagans suffer ritual abuse". Dorset Echo. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Burl, Aubrey (2005). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-11406-5.
Castleden, Rodney (2015) [1992]. Neolithic Britain: New Stone Age Sites of England, Scotland and Wales. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-05845-2.
Harte, Jeremy (1986). Cuckoo Pounds and Singing Barrows: The Folklore of Ancient Sites in Dorset. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society. ISBN0-900341-23-8.
Harte, Jeremy (2009). "The Devil's Chapels: Fiends, Fear and Folklore at Prehistoric Sites". In Joanne Parker (ed.). Written on Stone: The Cultural Reception of British Prehistoric Monuments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 23–35. ISBN978-1-4438-1338-9.
Hutton, Ronald (2009). "Megaliths and Memory". In Joanne Parker (ed.). Written on Stone: The Cultural Reception of British Prehistoric Monuments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 10–22. ISBN978-1-4438-1338-9.
Hutton, Ronald (2013). Pagan Britain. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-19771-6.
Thom, Alexander; Thom, Archibald Stevenson; Burl, Aubrey (1980). Megalithic Rings: Plans and Data for 229 Monuments in Britain. BAR British Series 81. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. ISBN0-86054-094-4.
Waring, Edward (1977). Ghosts and Legends of the Dorset Countryside. Tisbury: Compton Press. ISBN978-0-900193-51-4.
Wightman, R. (1968). Portrait of Dorset (second ed.). London: Robert Hale. ISBN978-0-7090-0844-6.
