^Dörr, Oliver; Schmalenbach, Kirsten (2011). "Article 4. Non-retroactivity of the present Convention". Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary. Springer. pp. 81–88. ISBN978-3-642-19291-3.
^Buyse, Antoine (2006). "A Lifeline in Time – Non-retroactivity and Continuing Violations under the ECHR". Nordic Journal of International Law. 75 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1163/157181006778530803.
^Cassese, Antonio (2006). "Balancing the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 4 (2): 410–418. doi:10.1093/jicj/mql016.