Noni Jabavu
Born
Helen Nontando Jabavu

(1919-08-20)20 August 1919
Middledrift, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Died19 June 2008(2008-06-19) (aged 88)
Lynette Elliott Frail Care Home[1] in Selborne, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
NationalitySouth African
Occupation(s)Writer, journalist and editor
Notable workDrawn in Colour (1960); The Ochre People (1963)
Spouse(s)Michael Cadbury Crosfield, m. 1951
Parent(s)Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu and Thandiswa Florence Makiwane
RelativesJohn Tengo Jabavu (grandfather); Cecilia Makiwane (maternal aunt)

Helen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu (20 August 1919[2] – 19 June 2008) was a South African writer and journalist, one of the first African women to pursue a successful literary career and the first black South African woman to publish books of autobiography.[3][4] Educated in Britain from the age of 13, she became the first African woman to be the editor of a British literary magazine when in 1961 she took on the editorship of The New Strand, a revived version of The Strand Magazine, which had closed in 1950.[5][6]

In the words of poet Makhosazana Xaba: "One only has to read her two books (Drawn in Colour and The Ochre People) to realize just how skilled she was as a memoirist. Her journalistic column editorials demonstrate a reflective style that must have been unusual for her times. While interviewing Wally Serote who was living in Botswana during the same time as Noni, I learned something that confirmed my initial thoughts on her. 'We men, she said, did not know how to relate to her (Noni). She was a woman living far ahead of our times.' This speaks volumes considering Serote himself is a world-wise literary and cultural giant."[7]

Biography

Early years and education in England

Noni Jabavu was born in Middledrift[8] in the Eastern Cape into a family of intellectuals, the marriage of her parents forging a union between two of the most prominent Christian families in the Eastern Cape at the time.[9] Her mother was Thandiswa Florence Makiwane,[10] founder of Zenzele Woman's Self-Improvement Association;[6] her father was the activist and author Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu, and her grandfather John Tengo Jabavu, was an editor of South Africa's first newspaper to be written in Xhosa, Imvo Zabantsundu (Black Opinion).[11] Her maternal aunt was Cecilia Makiwane, the first African registered professional nurse in South Africa and an early activist in the struggle for women's rights.

From the age of 13, Noni was educated in England, under the guardianship of Margaret and Arthur Bevington Gillett (alongside Mohan Kumaramangalam and his sister Parvati Krishnan), and she would continue to live there for many years.[4] She later recalled: "Like a typical black child of those days, at 13 I was not too well primed about the negotiations that must have gone on between my parents and my prospective loco-parents, about the life they were planning for me which I was to learn in years to come, was to be a practical demonstration of the generations of friendship between families. I learned then that the plan was for me to be trained as a doctor to serve my people. But it misfired, for a medical doctor was the one thing I didn't want to be. I didn't know what I wanted to be."[12]

Jabavu studied first at The Mount School, York, and later at London's Royal Academy of Music.[13] Before the Second World War she had become disinterested in the Royal Academy of Music and concentrated mostly on left-wing student politics. In 1938, she was at a Prom concert in the Queen's Hall that was interrupted to be told of Neville Chamberlain's "peace for our time" settlement.[citation needed]

Post-war life: visits to South Africa and memoirs

On the outbreak of the Second World War, she gave up studying to be a film technician and trained to become a semi-skilled engineer and oxyacetylene welder, working on bomber engine parts. After the war, she remained in London, where she would become a features writer and television personality, and work for the BBC as a presenter and as a producer. She paid extended visits to South Africa until her marriage to the English film director Michael Cadbury Crosfield in 1951.[14] Their marriage broke South Africa's miscegenation laws and because of the Immorality Act then in force, he could not accompany her. Thereafter, she also travelled and lived in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Uganda.[13]

Jabavu began to write during the years she was in Uganda.[15] In 1955, she returned to South Africa for a three-month stay,[4] writing of that trip in the Author's Note of her first book, Drawn in Colour: African Contrasts (1960):

I belong to two worlds with two loyalties: South Africa, where I was born, and England, where I was educated. When I received a cable sent by my father, I flew back to South Africa to be amongst my Bantu people, leaving my English husband behind in London. Later that year, he and I went to live in East Africa, to be near my only sister who had married out there. I've told here something of my own background and circumstances. This is a personal account of an individual African's experiences and impressions of the differences between East and South Africa in their contact with Westernization.

Drawn in Colour was well reviewed on both sides of the Atlantic. As Kirkus Reviews stated: "This book richly deserves the high praise it has received in England where it was first published. The author, who is married to a British film director, tells of a voyage home to South Africa for the funeral of her brother who had been murdered by a gangster in Jo'burg, and of her vain attempts to save the marriage of her sister to a man in Uganda. Although concerned with two family tragedies, the story is neither sad nor morbid. A wealth of detail about African life and custom and graphic descriptions of the country itself keep the reader engrossed whenever the principal actors leave the scene temporarily. It is strongly flavored with the Xhosa language, which translates most nearly into poetic Elizabethan English. The author spares neither herself nor her people in dealing with racial issues, for prejudice exists on all sides, even between lighter and darker members of the same tribe. The reader will surely share in a great human experience and at the same time gain a greater understanding of emerging autonomous nations."[16] Drawn in Colour was reprinted five times within the first year of its publication, and was also published in Italian in Milan under the title Il colore della pelle.[10]

After years of living in Uganda, Jabavu returned with her husband to England,[15] and from the beginning of 1961 she was a member of staff of the literary magazine John O'London's Weekly.[17] She also did editorial work for The New Strand (the revived version of a century-old monthly renowned for publishing Conan Doyle), before being selected as its editor,[18][15] a choice its proprietor Ernest Kay explained by saying: "Miss Jabavu has led such a varied life that she will bring a completely fresh outlook to the magazine. She certainly couldn't be conventional if she tried."[6][19] She took up the role in December 1961,[20] though resigned after eight months, deciding that she preferred to be a writer than an editor.[21]

Describing herself as "a married woman first and a career woman second",[19] she subsequently moved to Jamaica, where in 1961 her husband was appointed as films adviser to the government, returning to London in 1963.[14] (A review she would write two decades later of V. S. Naipaul's travelogue The Middle Passage reveals her discomfort during this Caribbean sojourn: "...I was disturbed, dismayed to find myself haunted by an inability to enjoy living in this reputedly most beautiful of enchanting islands. ... Rootlessness, a historical sense of dereliction, absence of tradition, search for identity-- these characteristics impressed me during conversations with West Indians. As an African, I possessed a heritage embedded in my language, tribal loyalties, stored treasures of legends, events. Do not these give any African a fortunate sense of continuity? Whatever deprivations apartheid imposes on us in my own country, these can never efface the strengths and traditions of our people.")[22]

Jabavu's second book, The Ochre People: Scenes from a South African Life, published in 1963, was also a memoir, of which she said: "It is a personal account of an individual African's experiences and impressions of the differences between East and South Africans in their contact with Westernization." It too received acclaim, hailed by critics as "brilliant" and "fascinating".[6] The review in Ebony magazine noted: "Exploring the rich culture and traditions of her South African Bantu background, the author illustrated the stresses that occur when old ways must be adapted to the solution of new problems."[23]

Later years

During time spent in South Africa in 1976–77, researching a book about her father, Jabavu published a weekly column in the East London (Eastern Cape) newspaper Daily Dispatch, under the editorship of Donald Woods.[6]

She was awarded a lifetime achievement award by former Arts and Culture Minister Pallo Jordan, as well as a best literature award in the Eastern Cape by the then sports, art and culture minister, Nosimo Balindlela.[6]

Noni Jabavu died at the age of 88 in June 2008, at Lynette Elliott Frail Care Home,[1] and was buried in East London, South Africa.[24]

Legacy and influence

Jabavu's family was reportedly in the process of making a documentary film about her life, started by Duma kaNdlovu (creator of the television show Muvhango), when funds provided by the Eastern Cape Arts Culture Council ran out.[6][25]

Jabavu has been cited as a role model by Margaret Busby, the first Black African woman to found a publishing company in the UK, in 1967,[26][27] who a few years earlier while still at school had read about Jabavu.[28] Writing by Jabavu was included in Busby's 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa.[29]

The book Noni Jabavu: A Stranger at Home, a collection of her Daily Dispatch columns compiled and introduced by Makhosazana Xaba and Athambile Masola, was published in 2023.[30][31]

Bibliography

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b Makhosazana Xaba, "On Noni Jabavu and the return home—Makhosazana Xaba celebrates one of South Africa's foundational literary centenarians", The Johannesburg Review of Books, 5 August 2019.
  2. ^ According to one obituary, "Most of the biographical sketches of Jabavu list her year of birth as 1919, but one book, Women Writing Africa: the Southern Region, gives it as 1920." Ben, "Noni Jabavu, Author of Drawn in Colour, Dies at 88", Books, Times Live, 19 June 2008.
  3. ^ Victoria Boynton and Jo Malin (eds), Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography. 2. K – Z, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 20.
  4. ^ a b c "Helen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu", South African History Online.
  5. ^ Sarah Mir (16 March 2020). "People of The Strand: Helen Noni Jabavu (1919–2008)". Strandlines. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Gcina Ntsaluba, "Call to restore Noni Jabavu legacy", Daily Dispatch, 31 January 2013; via PressReader.
  7. ^ Makhosazana Xaba (4 July 2008). "A Paragraph on Noni Jabavu". BooksLive. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  8. ^ V. M. Sisi Maqagi, Noni Jabavu biographical note, in Margaret J. Daymond, Dorothy Driver, Sheila Meintjes and others, Women Writing Africa: The Southern Region, The Feminist Press at CUNY, 2003, p. 271.
  9. ^ V. M. Sisi Maqagi, Florence Thandiswa Makiwane biographical notes, in Daymond and others, Women Writing Africa (2003), p. 189.
  10. ^ a b Xaba, Makhosazana (2018). "Noni Jabavu: a peripatetic writer ahead of her times". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. 46 (1): 217–219. doi:10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.4300.
  11. ^ Athambile Masola, "Reading Noni Jabavu in 2017", Mail & Guardian, 11 August 2017.
  12. ^ Jabavu Noni, "Smuts and I", Daily Dispatch, 9 February 1977, p. 8. Quoted in Xaba, 2009.
  13. ^ a b "Noni (Nontando) Jabavu", in Margaret Busby (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992; Vintage, 1993; p. 287.
  14. ^ a b Callum McCarthy, "Mick Crosfield obituary", The Guardian, 5 August 2014.
  15. ^ a b c Ann Geracimos, "Bantu Woman In Fleet Street Edits Revived Quality Magazine", The Gazette (Montreal, Canada), 10 May 1962, p. 17.
  16. ^ Drawn In Color by Noni Jabavu (review), Kirkus, 15 June 1962.
  17. ^ "Bantu Woman Edits An English Magazine", The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 September 1961.
  18. ^ Christopher Driver, "New 'Strand's' new editor", The Guardian, 7 September 1961.
  19. ^ a b "New Strand Editor: Pick South African woman to revive Britain's 'most popular' magazine", Ebony, April 1962, pp. 81, 85.
  20. ^ Sarah Mir, "People of The Strand: Helen Noni Jabavu (1919-2008)", Strandlines, 16 March 2020.
  21. ^ Lucy Scholes, "Re-Covered: An Unconventional South African Novel", The Paris Review, 22 September 2020.
  22. ^ Noni Jabavu, "Return of an Insider", The New York Times, 22 September 1983.
  23. ^ "Ebony Book Shelf". Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. November 1963. p. 24.
  24. ^ Victor Mecoamere, "Author Jabavu dies", Sowetan Live, 25 June 2008.
  25. ^ "Noni Jabavu's Family Requests Help to Preserve Her Legacy (Plus: Documentary Clip)". Sunday Times Books Live. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  26. ^ Busby, Margaret (January 2018). "We are the world – Trumpeting our words". Griffith Review (59).
  27. ^ Sarah Ladipo Manyika (19 October 2020). "On Meeting Margaret Busby". Granta.
  28. ^ Aida Edemariam (22 October 2020). "Margaret Busby: how Britain's first black female publisher revolutionised literature – and never gave up". The Guardian.
  29. ^ Margaret Busby. Daughters of Africa : an international anthology of words and writings by women of African descent from the ancient Egyptian to the present. OCLC 25964470 – via WorldCat.
  30. ^ "Noni Jabavu: A Stranger at Home". NB Publishers. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  31. ^ Masola, Athambile (22 March 2023). "Noni Jabavu was a pioneering South African writer - a new book shows how relevant she still is". The Conversation. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

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